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Knorpelschäden des patellofemoralen Gelenkabschnitts

Diagnostik und Therapie

Cartilage defects of the patellofemoral joint

Diagnosis and treatment

  • Leitthema
  • Published:
Arthroskopie Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Isolierte Knorpelschäden des Patellofemoralgelenks führen häufig zu einer schmerzhaften Funktionseinschränkung des Kniegelenks und stellen einen Risikofaktor für eine fortschreitende Gelenkdegeneration dar. Trotz stetiger Weiterentwicklung der chirurgischen Techniken zur Knorpelregeneration, scheinen die postoperativen Ergebnisse gerade an der Patella im Vergleich zu anderen Lokalisationen ungünstiger. Dies könnte dadurch bedingt sein, dass mögliche Begleitpathologien bislang zu wenig berücksichtigt und in das Therapiekonzept einbezogen wurden.

Ergebnisse

Der operative Algorithmus für patellofemorale Knorpelschäden unterscheidet sich prinzipiell nicht von anderen Lokalisationen im Kniegelenk. Zu den am häufigsten verwendeten Techniken der regenerativen Knorpeltherapie gehören knochenmarkstimulierende Therapien (z. B. arthroskopische Mikrofrakturierung) und die autologe Chondrozytentransplantation für reine Knorpeldefekte sowie in selteneren Fällen die autologe osteochondrale Transplantation für osteochondrale Läsionen. Die Behandlung von Knorpelschäden an der Patella stellt zum Teil hohe chirurgische Ansprüche, sodass oft eine individuelle Technik in Abhängigkeit von Größe und Lokalisation des Defekts sowie von möglichen Begleiteingriffen gewählt werden muss.

Schlussfolgerungen

Retropatellare Knorpelschäden sind zu 90 % mit Begleitpathologien assoziiert, wie beispielsweise einer Trochleadysplasie, einem Patellahochstand oder anderen geometrischen Anomalien des Patellofemoralgelenks. Daher sind Kombinationseingriffe aus knorpelchirurgischen Verfahren und Korrekturen des patellofemoralen Alignments von großer Bedeutung. Neuere Studien zeigen, dass solche kombinatorischen Ansätze der isolierten Knorpeltherapie bezogen auf die klinischen Ergebnisse überlegen sind. Kombinatorische Ansätze erscheinen damit geeignet die im Vergleich zu anderen Lokalisationen ungünstigere Prognose zu verbessern.

Abstract

Background

Local cartilage defects of the patellofemoral joint frequently cause a painful decrease in joint function and represent a relevant risk factor for development of degenerative osteoarthritis. Despite continuous improvements in surgical cartilage repair techniques, postoperative results seem to be less favourable for patellar cartilage defects than for other knee joint locations. One explanation for this finding might be that possible co-pathologies have so far not been adequately considered and incorporated into the treatment concept.

Results

The surgical algorithm for patellofemoral cartilage defects does not fundamentally differ from that for other knee joint locations. Commonly used procedures for regenerative cartilage repair are bone marrow stimulating techniques (e. g. arthroscopic microfracturing) and autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) for pure cartilage defects. In rare cases, autologous osteochondral transfer (OCT) is used for osteochondral lesions. Since chondral lesions of the patella are surgically very demanding, an individual approach depending on defect size, location and possible cotreatments is often necessary.

Conclusion

In 90 % of cases, cartilage defects of the patella are associated with co-pathologies such as trochlea dysplasia, patella alta or further geometrical anomalies. Therefore, combined surgical procedures incorporating cartilage repair and correction of patellofemoral malalignment are of major importance. Since recent studies have provided evidence that such combined approaches are superior to isolated cartilage repair in terms of postoperative outcome, such approaches might enable the unfavourable prognosis of patellar cartilage defects compared to other locations to be improved.

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Correspondence to Philipp Niemeyer.

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Interessenkonflikt

J. Mehl, N. P. Südkamp und P. Niemeyer geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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F. Dirisamer, Linz-Puchenau

A. Schmeling, Berlin

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Mehl, J., Südkamp, N.P. & Niemeyer, P. Knorpelschäden des patellofemoralen Gelenkabschnitts. Arthroskopie 28, 213–219 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00142-015-0021-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00142-015-0021-6

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