Antithrombin III in patients with severe sepsis: a pharmacokinetic study

Abstract

Objectives: To evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics, and the practicability of two different antithrombin III (AT III) high-dose regimens in patients with severe sepsis.¶Design: Prospective, open, randomized, 2 parallel groups, multinational clinical trial.¶Setting: Eleven academic medical center intensive care units (ICU) in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Norway and Sweden.¶Patients: Thirty-three patients with severe sepsis who received standard supportive care and antimicrobial therapy, in addition to the administration of AT III.¶Interventions: Patients received an intravenous loading dose of 6,000 IU AT III followed by either intermittent bolus infusions of 1,000 IU AT III every 4 h or a continuous infusion of 250 IU AT III/h for 4 days, resulting in a total dose for both dosage regimens of 30,000 IU AT III.¶Measurements: All patients were evaluated for safety and all but one for pharmacokinetics.¶Results and conclusions: The administration of AT III was safe and well tolerated. The overall 28-day all-cause mortality was 30 % (43 % intermittent bolus infusions; 21 % continuous infusion). The mean probability of dying according to the SAPS II was 48 %. The difference in mortality between both groups was within the range of chance. AT III plasma levels were elevated from low baseline levels to above 120 % soon after onset of AT III therapy and remained at these levels for the treatment phase of 4 days. Functional and immunologic levels of AT III corresponded very well. With an overall median volume of distribution of 4.5 l (range: 2.4–6.5 l), AT III only moderately extended beyond plasma. The overall median elimination half-life was 18.6 h (range: 5.1–37.4). Overall, median response was 1.75 % per IU/kg (range: 1.14–2.8).¶The variability of elimination parameters was quite noteworthy (CV = 41–59 %), whereas distribution-related parameters showed a moderate variability (CV = 24 %). In spite of this variability, both high-dose IV regimens reliably provided AT III levels above 120 % for all but one patient. An increased mortality was observed for patients with a distribution volume exceeding 4.5 l (or a response < 1.7 % per IU/kg). AT III distribution volumes above 4.5 l might indicate a capillary leak phenomenon. The continuous infusion regimen was slightly preferred by the investigators with regard to practicability.