Skip to main content
Log in

Tc-99m-hmpa0 single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) as an ancillary test in the diagnosis of brain death

  • Editorial
  • Published:
Intensive Care Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  1. George MS (1991) Establishing brain death: the potential role of nuclear medicine in search for a reliable confirmatory test. Eur J Nucl Med 18: 75–77

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Nau R, Prange HW, Klingelhöfer J, Kukowski B, Sander D, Tchörsch R, Rittmeyer K (1992) Results of four technical investigations in fifty clinically brain dead patients. Intensive Care Med 18: 82–88

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Jennett B (1982) Brain death (editorial). Intensive Care Med 8: 1–3

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Royal Colleges and Faculties of the United Kingdom (1976) Diagnosis of brain death. BMJ 2: 1187–1188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Ministero délia Sanità (1994) Regolamento recante le modalità per l’accertamento e la certificazione di morte. Dcreto 22/8/1994 n. 582

  6. President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research (1981) Defining death: medical, legal and ethical issues in the determination of death. US Government Printing Office

  7. Wissenschaftlicher Beirat der Bundesärztekammer (1998) Richtlinien zur Feststellung des Hirntodes. Dritte Fortschreibung 1997 mit Ergänzungen gemäß Transplantationsgesetz (TPG). Dtsch Ärzteblatt 95: B1509–1516

    Google Scholar 

  8. Dominguez-Roldan JM, Murillo-Cabezas F, Munoz-Sanchez A, Santamaria-Mifsut JL, Villen-Nieto J (1995) Changes in the Doppler waveform of intracranial arteries in patients with braindeath status. Transplant Proc 27: 2391–2392

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Manno EM (1997) Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in the neurocritical care unit. Crit Care Clin 13: 79–104

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Braum M, Ducrocq X, Huot JC, Audibert C, Anxionnat R, Picard LAD (1997) Intravenous angiography in brain death: report of 140 patients. Neuroradiology 39: 400–405

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Goodman JM, Mishkin FS, Dyken M (1969) Determination of brain death by isotope angiography. JAMA 209: 1869–1872

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Korein J, Braunstein P, George A, et al (1977) Brain death: angiographic correlation with the radioisotope bolus technique for evaluation of critical deficit of cerebral blood flow. Ann Neurol 2: 195–205

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Kuni CC, Rogge DM (1986) Radionuclide brain perfusion studies in suspected brain death. Clin Nucl Med 11: 221–555

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Wilson K, Gordon L, Selby JB (1993) The diagnosis of brain death with Tc-99m HMPAO. Clin Nucl Med 18: 428–434

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Hansen AVE, Lavin PJM, Moody EB, Sandler MP (1993) False-negative cerebral radionuclide flow study in brain death caused by a ventricular drain. Clin Nucl Med 18: 502–505

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Spieth M, Ansari AN, Kawada TK, Kimura RL, Siegel ME (1994) Direct comparison of Tc-99m DTPA and Tc-99m HMPAO for evaluating brain death. Clin Nucl Med 19: 867–872

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Vallee G, Ciritella P, Bonetti MG, Dicembrino F, Perrone E, Perna GPAD (1993) Considerations of brain death on a SPECT cerebral perfusion study. Clin Nucl Med 18: 953–941

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Goodman JM, Heck LL (1977) Confirmation of brain death at bedside by isotope angiography. JAMA 238: 966–968

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Idea RJ, Lewis DH (1994) Timely diagnosis of brain death in an emergency trauma center. AJR 163: 927–928

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Lee VW, Hauck RM, Morrison MC, Peng TT, Fischer E, Carter A (1987) Scintigraphic evaluation of brain death: significance of sagittal sinus visualization. J Nucl Med 28: 1279–1283

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Patel YP, Gupta SM, Batson R, Herrera NE (1988) Brain death: confirmation by radionuclide cerebral angiography. Clin Nucl Med 13: 438–442

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Shore RM, Rao BK, Berg OB (1988) Massive jugular and dural sinus reflux associated with cerebral death. Pediatr Radiol 18: 164–166

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Neirinckx RD, Canning LR, Piper IM, Nowotnik DP, Pickett RD, Holmes RA, Volkert WA, Forster AM, Weisner PS, Marriott JA, Chaplin SB (1987) Technetium-99m d, 1-HM-PAO: a new radiopharmaceutical for SPECT imaging of regional cerebral blood perfusion. J Nucl Med 28: 191–202

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Costa DC, Lui D, Ell PJ (1987) Tc-99m-HMPAO uptake in rat brain: sensitivity to physiological and pharmacological intervention “in vivo” [abstract]. Nucl Med 26: 146–147

    Google Scholar 

  25. De Riva A, Gonzales FM, Llamas-Elvira JM, et al (1992) Diagnosis of brain death: superiority of HMPAO over conventional radionuclide cerebral angiography. Br J Radiol 65: 289–294

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Berlit P, Wetzel E, Bethke U, Pohlmann-Eden (1990) Hirnblutflußszintigraphie mit 99mTc-HMPAO zur Diagnose des Hirntodes. Münch Med Wochenschr 24/25: 571–574

    Google Scholar 

  27. Larar GN, Nagel JS (1992) Technetium-99m-HMPAO cerebral perfusion scintigraphy: considerations for timely brain death declaration. J Nucl Med 33: 2209–2213

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Laurin NR, Driedger AA, Hurwitz GA, Mattar AG, Powe JE, Chamberlain MJ, Zabel PL, Pavlosky WF (1989) Cerebral perfusion imaging with technetium-99m HM-PAO in brain death and severe central nervous system injury. J Nucl Med 30: 1627–1635

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Lu G, Shih WJ, Ryo UY (1996) Findings on Tc-99m HMPAO brain imaging in brain death. Clin Nucl Med 21: 891–893

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Maguire C, Florence S, Powe JE, Zabel PL, Driedger AA (1990) Hepatic uptake of technetium-99m HM-PAO in a fetus. J Nucl Med 31: 237–239

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Reid RH, Gulenchym KY, Ballinger JR (1989) Clinical use of technetium-99m HMPAO for determination of brain death. J Nucl Med 20:1621–1626

    Google Scholar 

  32. Wieler H, Marohl K, Kaiser KP, Klawki P, Frössler H (1993) Tc-99m HMPAO cerebral scintigraphy. A reliable, noninvasive method for determination of brain death. Clin Nucl Med 18:104–109

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Reid RH, Gulenchyn KY, Ballinger JR, Ventureyra ECG (1990) Cerebral perfusion imaging with technetium-99m HMPAO following cerebral trauma. Initial experience. Clin Nucl Med 15: 383–388

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Abdel-Dayem HM, Bharar RH, Sigurdsson GH, Sadek S, Olivecrona H, Ali AM (1989) The hollow skull: a sign of brain death in Tc-99m HMPAO brain scintigraphy. Clin Nucl Med 14:912–916

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Bonetti MG, Ciritella P, Valle G, Perrone E (1995) 99mTc-HMPAO brain perfusion SPECT in brain death. Neuroradiology 37: 365–369

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Erbengi A, Erbengi G, Cataltepe O, Topcu M, Erbas B, Aras T (1991) Brain death: determination with brain stem evoked potentials and radionuclide isotope studies. Acta Neurochir 112: 118–125

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Roine RO, Launes J, Lindroth L, Nikkinen P (1986) 99mTc-hexamethylpropy-leneamine oxime scans to confirm brain death. Lancet 2: 1223–1224

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Costa DC, Hubank M, Sinha A, Lui D, Ell PJ (1989) Influence of time, temperature, sodium-potassium pump inhibition and glutathione on the 99mTc-HMPAO uptake by cultured astrocytes. Eur J Nucl Med 15: 584

    Google Scholar 

  39. Galaske RG, Schober O, Heyer R (1988) 99mTc-HM-PAO and 123I-iodoamphetamine cerebral scintigraphy: a new, non-invasive method in determination of brain death in children. Eur J Nucl Med 14: 446–452

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Schober O, Galaske R, Heyer R (1987) Determination of brain death with 123I-IMP and 99mTc-HMPAO. Neurosurg Rev 10: 19–22

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Brandau W, Schober O, Knapp WH (1990) Determination of brain death with technetium-99m-HMPAO. J Nucl Med 31: 2075–2076

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Grünwald F, Biersack HJ (1991) In vivo quality control of technetium-99m-HMPAO. J Nucl Med 32: 1316–1317

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Papatheofanis FJ, Sajdak R (1995) Incidental visualization of cadaveric kidney transplant before Tc-99m MAG3 evaluation of transplant renal function. Clin Nucl Med 20: 1108

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Hoch DB (1992) Brain death: a diagnostic dilemma (editorial). J Nucl Med 33:2211–2212

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Keske, U. Tc-99m-hmpa0 single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) as an ancillary test in the diagnosis of brain death. Intensive Care Med 24, 895–897 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1007/s001340050687

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s001340050687

Navigation