References
Lemmer J, Stiller B, Heise G, Hübler M, Alexi-Meskisvili V, Weng Y, Redlin M, Amann V, Ovroutski S, Berger F (2006) Post-operative phrenic nerve palsy: early clinical implications and management. Intensive Care Med (DOI 10.1007/s00134–006-208–4)
Dagan O, Nimri R, Katz Y, Birk E, Vidne B (2006) Bilateral Diaphragm paralysis following cardiac surgery in children: 10 years' experience. Intensive Care Med (DOI 10.1007/s00134–006-0207–5)
Affatato A, Villagra F, de Leon J, Gomez R, Checa S, Vellibre D, Sanchez P, Diez Balda JI, Brito JM (1998) Phrenic nerve paralysis following pediatric cardiac surgery. Role of diaphragmatic plication. J Cardiovasc Surg 29:606–609
Vries TS de, Koens BL, Vos A (1998) Surgical treatment of diaphragmatic eventration caused by phrenic nerve injury in the newborn. J Pediatr Surg 33:602–605
Haller J, Pickard L, Tepas J, Rogers M, Robotham J, Shorter N, Shermeta DW (1979) Management of diaphragmatic paralysis in infants with special emphasis on selection of patients for operative plication. J Pediatr Surg 14:779–785
Hamilton JRL, Tocewicz K, Elliot MJ, de Leval M, Stark J (1990) Paralysed diaphragm after cardiac surgery in children: value of plication. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 4:487–490
Langer JC, Filler RM, Coles JG, Edmonds JF (1988) Plication of the diaphragm for infants and young children with phrenic nerve palsy. J Pediatr Surg 23:749–751
Othersen H, Lorenzo R (1977) Diaphragmatic paralysis and eventration: newer approaches to diagnosis and operative correction. J Pediatr Surg 12:3909–3315
Watanabe T, Trusler GA, Williams WG, Edmonds JF, Coles JG, Hosokawa Y (1987) Phrenic nerve paralysis after paediatric cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 94:383–388
Brown KA, Hoffstein V, Byrick RJ (1985) Bedside diagnosis of bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis in a ventilator-dependent patient after open-heart surgery. Anesth Analg 64:1208–1210
Chan CK, Loke J, Virgulto JA, Mohsenin V, Ferranti R, Lammertse T (1988) Bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis: clinical spectrum, prognosis, and diagnostic approach. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 69:976–979
Stewart S, Alexson C, Manning J (1986) Bilateral phrenic nerve paralysis after the Mustard procedure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 92:138–141
Onna I van, Metz R, Jekel L, Woolley SR, van de Wal HJ (1998) Post cardiac surgery phrenic nerve palsy: value of plication and potential for recovery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 14:179–184
Tamayo E, Alvarez FJ, Florez S, Fulquet E, Fernandez A (2001) Bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis after open heart surgery. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 42:785–786
Hoch B, Zschocke A, Barth H, Leonhardt A (2001) Bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis after cardiac surgery: ventilatory assistance by nasal mask continuous positive airway pressure. Pediatr Cardiol 22:77–79
Stone KS, Brown JW, Canal DF, King H (1987) Long-term fate of the diaphragm surgically plicated during infancy and early childhood. Ann Thorac Surg 44:62–65
Scannell J (1963) Discussion of McGoon DC, Mankin HT, Kirklin JW. Results of open heart surgery for acquired aortic valve disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 45:64
Mickell JJ, Oh KS, Siewers RD, Galvis AG, Fricker FJ, Mathews RA (1978) Clinical implications of postoperative unilateral phrenic nerve paralysis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 76:297–304
Hong-Xu Z, D'Agostino RS, Pitlick PT, Shumway NE, Miller DC (1985) Phrenic nerve injury complicating closed cardiovascular procedures for congenital heart disease. Ann Thorac Surg 39:445–449
Serraf A, Planche C, Gayet FL, Bruniaux J, Nottin R, Binet JP (1990) Post cardiac surgery phrenic nerve palsy in pediatric patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 4:421–424
Markand ON, Moorthy SS, Mahomed Y, King RD, Brown JW (1985) Post-operative phrenic nerve palsy in patients with open-heart surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 39:68–73
Dimopoulou I, Daganou M, Dafni U, Karakatsani A, Khoury M, Geroulanos S, Jordanoglu J (1998) Phrenic nerve dysfunction after cardiac operations: electrophysiologic evaluation of risk factors. Chest 113:8–14
Laub GW, Muralidharan S, Chen C, Perritt A, Adkins M, Pollock S, Bailey B, MacGrath LB (1992) Phrenic nerve injury. A prospective study. Chest 100:376–379
Cruz-Martinez A, Armijo A, Fermoso A, Moraleda S, Mate I, Marin M (2000) Phrenic nerve conduction study in demyelinating neuropathies and open-heart surgery. Clin Neurophysiol 111:821–825
Mok Q, Ross Russell RI, Mulvey D, Green M, Shinebourne EA (1991) Phrenic nerve injury in infants and children undergoing cardiac surgery. Br Heart J 65:287–292
Ross Russell RI, Helps B-A, Dicks-Mireaux CM, Helms PJ (1993) Early assessment of diarphragmatic dysfunction in children in the ITU: chest radiology and phrenic nerve stimulation. Eur Respir J 6:1336–1339
Esposito RA, Spencer FC (1987) The effect of pericardial insulation on hypothermic phrenic nerve injury during open heart surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 43:303–308
Guinn GA, Beall AC Jr, Lamki N, Heibig J, Thornby J (1990) Phrenic nerve injury during coronary artery bypass. Texas Heart Inst J 17:48–50
Byron W (1984) Long term management of diaphragmatic paralysis complicating prosthetic valve replacement. Crit Care Med 12:204
Rousou J, Parker T, Engelman R, Breyer R (1985) Phrenic nerve paresis associated with the use of iced slush and the cooling jacket for topical cardiac hypothermia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 89:921–925
Chandler KW, Rozas CJ, Kory RC, Goldman AL (1984) Bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis complicating local cardiac hypothermia during open heart surgery. Am J Med 77:243–249
Curtis JJ, Nawarawong W, Walls JT, Schmaltz RA, Boley T, Madsen R, Anderson SK (1989) Elevated hemidiaphragm after cardiac operations: incidence, prognosis, and relationship to the use of topical ice slush. Ann Thorac Surg 48:764–768
Estenne M, Yernault JC, de Smet JM, De Troyer A (1985) Phrenic and diaphragmatic function after coronary artery bypass grafting. Thorax 40:293–299
Sethi G, Reed WA (1971) Diaphragmatic malfunction in neonates and infants. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 62:138–143
DeVita MA, Robinson LR, Rehder J, Hattler B, Cohen C (1993) Incidence and natural history of phrenic neuropathy occurring during open heart surgery. Chest 103:850–856
Ross Russell RI, Mulvey D, Laroche C, Shinebourne EA, Green M (1991) Bedside assessment of phrenic nerve function in infants and children. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 101:143–147
Ross Russell RI, Helps B-A, Elliot MJ, Helms PJ (1991) Phrenic nerve damage prolongs recovery from cardiac surgery: results of a prospective study. Eur Respir J 4:491S
Arora N, Rochester D (1982) Respiratory muscle strength and maximal voluntary ventilation in undernourished patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 126:5
Davison A, Mulvey D (1992) Idiopathic diaphragmatic weakness. BMJ 304:492–494
Mearns AJ (1977) Iatrogenic injury to the phrenic nerve in infants and young children. Br J Surg 64:558–560
Avila JM, Peiffert B, Maureira JJ, Amrein D, Villemot JP, Mathieu P (1991) Reduction in the incidence of postoperative diaphragmatic paralysis by using a phrenic nerve protector (in French). Ann Chirug 45:689–691
Bonchek L (1985) Phrenic nerve paresis associated with the myocardial protection jacket. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 90:795–796
Canbaz S, Turgut N, Halici U, Balci K, Ege T, Duran E (2004) Electrophysiological evaluation of phrenic nerve injury during cardiac surgery-a prospective, controlled, clinical study. BMC Surg 4:2
Mazzoni M, Solinas C, Sisillo E, Bortone F, Susini G (1996) Intraoperative phrenic nerve monitoring in cardiac surgery. Chest 109:1455–1460
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This editorial refers to the articles available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-006-0207-5 and http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-006-0208-4
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ross Russell, R.I. C 3, 4 and 5, keep the diaphragm alive. Intensive Care Med 32, 1109–1111 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-006-0209-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-006-0209-3