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Indikation und Grenzen des Meniskusersatzes

Indication and limitations of meniscus replacement

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Meniskusschäden gehören zu den bedeutendsten muskuloskelettalen Erkrankungen und sind die häufigsten Indikationen für Kniegelenksarthroskopien. Allerdings kann der Meniskus nur in der Minderzahl der Fälle strukturell wiederhergestellt werden, meist resultiert ein Gewebeverlust oder eine funktionelle Insuffizienz. Es besteht daher prinzipiell ein sehr großer Bedarf an Möglichkeiten zum Meniskusersatz.

Aktuelle Verfahren

Autogene Ersatzmaterialien konnten in der Vergangenheit die Erwartungen nicht erfüllen und sind gegenwärtig nicht im Einsatz. Gewinnung, Aufbereitung und Technik zum Einsatz allogener Ersatzmenisken sind dagegen mittlerweile gut etabliert. Allerdings ist die Verfügbarkeit limitiert, die Prozedur technisch anspruchsvoll und der chondroprotektive Effekt bisher nicht sicher nachgewiesen. Artifizielle Implantate zur Unterstützung der Geweberegeneration sind gegenwärtig v. a. zum Teilersatz bei erhaltener Peripherie vorgesehen, was das Indikationsspektrum deutlich einschränkt. Auch hier mangelt es an Belegen, dass die Progression degenerativer Veränderungen durch die Implantate verringert wird. Vielversprechende neuere Entwicklungen sind Implantate im Sinne von Voll- oder Teilprothesen, d. h. dauerhaft künstlichem Ersatz.

Limitierungen

Gegenwärtig gibt es allerdings keinen breit anwendbaren Meniskusersatz mit solidem wissenschaftlichem Nachweis der Wirksamkeit. Die Verwendung als prophylaktische Maßnahme nach Meniskusverlust ist daher Fällen mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Arthroseentwicklung vorbehalten, z. B. einem vollständigen Außenmeniskusverlust. Ansonsten ist die Indikation eher bei jüngeren, symptomatischen Patienten mit leichten Sekundärveränderungen zu sehen. Korrigierbare Ursachen des Meniskusschadens müssen im Vorfeld analysiert und mit behandelt werden. Auch sind Alternativen, wie Umstellungsosteotomien, zu prüfen.

Abstract

Background

Meniscal lesions are among the most important musculoskeletal disorders and are the most common indication for knee joint arthroplasty. However, the structural integrity and function is rarely retained, and a loss of tissue results. Thus, there is a huge demand for meniscal replacement options.

Current procedures

Autografts were used in the past but did not fulfill expectations. Meniscus allografts have been developed to be a viable treatment option. However, availability is limited and evidence of a long-term chondroprotective effect scarce. Artificial scaffolds made from either collagen or PCU foam are available, which aid the regeneration of meniscal tissue and are rather intended as a partial replacement with an intact peripheral rim. Those implants thus have a limited spectrum of indication. While they seem to be symptomatically effective, it remains unclear whether they can reduce secondary cartilage damage. Newer developments aim at a permanent replacement of lost meniscal tissue.

Limitations

In summary, there is currently no meniscal replacement available for a broad range of indications and with a solid scientific foundation. Prophylactic use should be limited to cases with a high chance of progression to osteoarthritis, like a lateral total meniscectomy. Otherwise meniscal replacement should be considered in younger, symptomatic patients with mild to moderate secondary changes. Potential causes of the initial meniscal injury like instability or deformities should be carefully assessed and addressed. In many cases, osteotomy might be a viable alternative to meniscus replacement.

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Abbreviations

CMI:

Collagen Meniscus Implant

PCU:

Polycarbonaturethan

VKB:

vorderes Kreuzband

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Correspondence to C. Stärke.

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C. Stärke, S. Kopf und R. Becker geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine von den Autoren durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Stärke, C., Kopf, S. & Becker, R. Indikation und Grenzen des Meniskusersatzes. Orthopäde 46, 831–838 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00132-017-3469-4

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