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Operative Therapie des Mammakarzinoms: „One size does not fit all“

Aktuelle Standards und neue Entwicklungen

Surgical treatment of breast cancer: one size does not fit all

Current standards and new developments

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Zusammenfassung

Die operative Therapie des Mammakarzinoms hat sich in den letzten Jahren erheblich verändert und unterliegt weiterhin einem kontinuierlichen Wandel. Der Beitrag definiert die aktuellen Standards und stellt neue Entwicklungen für die Operation des Primärtumors und der axillären Lymphknoten vor. Dabei kommt der chirurgischen Behandlung neben der therapeutischen Zielsetzung zunehmend auch eine diagnostische Funktion zu. Ziel der Operation des primären Brusttumors mit oder ohne vorausgegangene Systemtherapie ist die Exzision im Gesunden mit tumorfreien Resektionsrändern (R0, „no ink on tumor“). Aufgrund der verbesserten Früherkennung sowie der effektiveren medikamentösen Behandlungsoptionen nimmt der Anteil an nichttastbaren Läsionen immer mehr zu. Daher werden innovative Markierungs- und Lokalisationsmethoden zunehmend als Alternative zur klassischen bildgesteuerten Nadelmarkierung diskutiert. Neben dem intraoperativen Ultraschall spielen dabei die Verwendung von magnetischen oder radargestützten Markern und die sondengestützte Entfernung von non-palpablen Läsionen eine wichtige Rolle. Im Bereich der Lymphknotenchirurgie zeigt sich eine kontinuierliche Rückläufigkeit der operativen Radikalität. Dies betrifft sowohl die Primäroperation, bei der ein Verzicht auf die Sentinel-Lymphknoten-Biopsie (SLNB) in ausgewählten Kollektiven ohne Risiko möglich erscheint. Nach neoadjuvanter Chemotherapie wird die Axilladissektion zunehmend durch neue Verfahren, wie die SLNB oder die „targeted axillary dissection“ (TAD) ersetzt. Auch in der Lymphknotenchirurgie kommt der Entwicklung neuer Markierungstechniken große Bedeutung zu. Aufgrund des multimodalen lokoregionären Behandlungskonzeptes ist es dabei für die Veränderung von operativen Standards wichtig, die begleitenden Zielvolumina für eine Bestrahlung klar zu definieren.

Abstract

Breast cancer surgery has undergone significant improvements in recent years and is still in a process of continuous change. The article defines the current treatment standards for primary tumors and lymph node surgery and highlights new developments in this field. In addition to the therapeutic role, surgery of breast cancer is increasingly performed with a diagnostic intent. The aim of surgery of the primary breast tumor in upfront surgery as well as after primary systemic treatment is tumor removal with tumor-free resection margins (R0, no ink on tumor). Due to improved early detection and increasingly more effective systemic options the rate of impalpable lesions at surgery is steadily increasing. Therefore, new marking and localization procedures challenge the existing standard of traditional imaging-guided needle localization. The use of intraoperative ultrasound as well as new magnetic and electromagnetic radiofrequency-based markers and probe-guided removal of nonpalpable lesions play an important role. In the field of lymph node surgery there is a continuous de-escalation of the radicality of surgery. This also affects the upfront surgery where the omission of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) appears to be safe in some subsets of patients. After neoadjuvant chemotherapy axillary lymph node dissection is increasingly being replaced by new procedures, such as SLNB or targeted axillary dissection (TAD). The development of new localization techniques for lymph node surgery is also becoming of increasing importance. In view of the multimodal locoregional treatment concept, for modifications of surgical standards it is important to clearly define the accompanying target volumes for irradiation.

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Correspondence to Thorsten Kühn.

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Interessenkonflikt

T. Kühn macht folgende Angaben: Honorare von Endomag, Sirius Medical, Hologic, Merit Medical, Lilly, MSD, Genomic Health und Astra Zeneca. V. Fink, E. Leinert, M. Schneider und N. Ditsch geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Für diesen Beitrag wurden von den Autor/-innen keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren durchgeführt. Für die aufgeführten Studien gelten die jeweils dort angegebenen ethischen Richtlinien.

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Redaktion

Tanja Fehm, Düsseldorf

Nicolai Maass, Kiel

Wolfgang Janni, Ulm

Hinweis des Verlags

Der Verlag bleibt in Hinblick auf geografische Zuordnungen und Gebietsbezeichnungen in veröffentlichten Karten und Institutsadressen neutral.

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Kühn, T., Fink, V., Leinert, E. et al. Operative Therapie des Mammakarzinoms: „One size does not fit all“. Gynäkologie 57, 282–288 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00129-024-05218-w

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00129-024-05218-w

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