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Lymphknotenstaging beim Mammakarzinom – Beginn der Bedeutungslosigkeit?

Lymph node staging in breast cancer: is it starting to be insignificant?

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Zusammenfassung

Der Lymphknotenstatus ist der wichtigste Prognosefaktor beim Mammakarzinom. Adjuvante systemische Therapieentscheidungen orientieren sich aber zunehmend an der Tumorbiologie und der Ansprechwahrscheinlichkeit des Tumors auf eine spezifische Therapie. Dies gilt insbesondere für triple-negative- oder HER2-positive Tumoren, bei denen unabhängig vom Nodalstatus eine Chemotherapie indiziert ist. Bei Luminal-B-Tumoren werden zunehmend Gensignaturen eingesetzt, sodass in einigen Kollektiven auch bei positivem Nodalstatus auf eine Chemotherapie verzichtet werden kann. Wenngleich der Anteil an Patientinnen, bei denen die Erfassung des pN-Stadiums für die systemische Therapieentscheidung erforderlich ist, kleiner wird, basieren zahlreiche systemische Behandlungsempfehlungen, z. B. für prämenopausale Patientinnen mit luminalen Tumoren, weiterhin auf dem Nodalstatus. Für die Indikationsstellung zu einer adjuvanten Radiotherapie (RT) ist das ypN-Stadium noch von hoher Bedeutung. Dies gilt für das Zielvolumen bei der brusterhaltenden Therapie sowie für die Indikation zu einer RT der Thoraxwand nach Mastektomie oder der extraaxillären Lymphabflussgebiete. Nach einer neoadjuvanten Chemotherapie (NACT) spielt das axilläre Staging eine untergeordnete Rolle für die Planung der postneoadjuvanten Systemtherapie, ist aber für die lokoregionäre Therapie von erheblicher Bedeutung. Daher erscheint ein Verzicht auf die Bestimmung des pN-Stadiums aktuell nur in sehr kleinen Subgruppen möglich. Vor dem Hintergrund der abnehmenden Bedeutung des Nodalstatus bei primär operierten Patientinnen erscheint eine selektive Indikationsstellung, die sich zielgerichtet an den nachfolgenden Therapieentscheidungen orientiert, sinnvoll.

Abstract

Axillary lymph node status is the most important prognostic factor in breast cancer. However, systemic adjuvant treatment decisions are increasingly based on tumor biology and predictive factors. This relates particularly to triple negative and HER2 positive tumors that require chemotherapy independent of lymph node status. In luminal B tumors gene expression profiles are increasingly employed, making the omission of chemotherapy feasible even in some subsets of patients with node-positive disease. Although the rate of patients whose adjuvant treatment decision is based on lymph node status is declining, it still needs to be determined in some subsets of patients, particularly premenopausal women with luminal B disease. Adjuvant radiotherapy is strongly based on lymph node status. This relates to the target volume in breast conserving therapy and the indication for irradiation of the chest wall after mastectomy or the extraaxillary lymph nodes. After neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) the ypN status is rarely decisive for postneoadjuvant systemic treatment decisions. Axillary staging, however, plays an important role for locoregional treatment planning. The omission of axillary staging after NACT appears only feasible in a small subset of patients. In view of the declining role of surgical axillary staging in patients that undergo upfront surgery, selective staging that anticipates potential subsequent treatment decisions appears sensible.

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Correspondence to Thorsten Kühn.

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Nicolai Maass, Kiel

Wolfgang Janni, Ulm

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Kühn, T. Lymphknotenstaging beim Mammakarzinom – Beginn der Bedeutungslosigkeit?. Gynäkologe 54, 875–881 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00129-021-04875-5

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