Skip to main content
Log in

Urogenitalsonographie des weiblichen Beckenbodens

Ultraschalldiagnostik bei urogynäkologischen Fragestellungen

Urogenital sonography of the female pelvic floor

Ultrasound diagnostics for urogynecological problems

  • Leitthema
  • Published:
Der Gynäkologe Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Die Urogenitalsonographie spielt seit Jahren eine unverzichtbare Rolle in der urogynäkologischen Diagnostik. Vor allem gute Verfügbarkeit, geringe Kosten und hohe Patientinnenakzeptanz haben für ihre zunehmende klinische Verbreitung gesorgt. Der Ultraschall ermöglicht die gleichzeitige Abbildung aller 3 Kompartimente in Ruhe und in der Dynamik. Neben der Darstellung von Urethra, Blase, Zervix, Analkanal und Rektum können auch Symphyse und Levator ani identifiziert werden. Die Positionen der Strukturen können nicht nur qualitativ, sondern auch innerhalb eines Koordinatensystems qualitativ und reproduzierbar dokumentiert werden. Aufgrund der direkten Darstellung alloplastischer Strukturen wie Bänder, Netze und „bulking agents“ eignet sich die Sonographie auch für das postoperative Komplikationsmanagement. Durch die Einführung der 3‑D-Sonographie können der Verlauf der Levatorschlinge und die Fläche des Hiatus genitalis in der Axialebene bestimmt werden. Für die Abklärung einer Harninkontinenz ist der präoperative Ausschluss von Divertikeln und Restharn obligat. Bei Senkungsbeschwerden kann das Tiefertreten aller Kompartimente während des Valsalva-Manövers bildlich festgehalten und quantitativ dokumentiert werden. Gerade im hinteren Kompartiment lassen sich die verschiedenen Formen wie Rektozele, Enterozele oder Intussuszeption unterscheiden. Ein Levatordefekt oder eine pathologische Aufweitung des Hiatus genitalis stellen Risikofaktoren für postoperative Rezidive nach Deszensusoperationen dar. Auch für die Abklärung einer Analinkontinenz eignen sich konventionelle Vaginal- und Abdominalsonden. Mit der exoanalen Technik können Defekte des internen und externen Sphinkterapparates dargestellt werden.

Abstract

Pelvic floor ultrasound has been an indispensable tool in the urogynecological work-up for several years. Due to easy access, low cost and high patient acceptance, ultrasound has become of increasing clinical importance. Ultrasound enables clinicians to visualize all three compartments at rest and during dynamic activity. Important structures, such as the pubic symphysis, urethra, bladder, cervix, anal canal, rectum and levator ani muscle can be identified. We can now not only describe the position of different structures qualitatively, but also document that position in a coordinate system in a highly reproducible way. Especially because of the ability to directly visualize alloplastic materials, such as slings, meshes and bulking agents, pelvic floor ultrasound plays a major role in postoperative complications. The introduction of 3D technology provides access to the axial plane and thus the evaluation of the levator and genital hiatus. Sonographic work-up for urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse is obligatory. Evaluation of the posterior compartment and the discrimination between rectocele, enterocele and intussusception in particular are crucial. The presence of levator avulsion or abnormal hiatal overdistension represent risk factors for prolapse recurrence. Detailed evaluation of anal incontinence can be performed using regular gynecological ultrasound probes. Defects of the internal and external anal sphincter can also be demonstrated by the application of exoanal ultrasound.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Abb. 1
Abb. 2
Abb. 3
Abb. 4
Abb. 5
Abb. 6
Abb. 7
Abb. 8

Literatur

  1. Albrich S, Bauer RM, Haberer E et al (2013) Importance of sonography in the diagnostics of functional disorders of the female pelvic floor. Urologe A 52:533–540

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Albrich S, Rommens K, Steetskamp J et al (2015) Prevalence of levator ani defects in urogynecological patients. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 75:51–55

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Albrich S, Steetskamp J, Rommens K et al (2015) Detection of subpubic tumor causing bladder outlet obstruction by 3D perineal ultrasound. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 75:719–722

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Braekken IH, Majida M, Ellstrom-Engh M et al (2008) Test-retest and intra-observer repeatability of two-, three- and four-dimensional perineal ultrasound of pelvic floor muscle anatomy and function. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 19:227–235

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Brincat C, Lewicky-Gaupp C, Patel D et al (2009) Fecal incontinence in pregnancy and post partum. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 106:236–238

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Dietz HP (2013) Pelvic floor trauma in childbirth. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 53:220–230

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Dietz HP (2011) Pelvic floor ultrasound in incontinence: What’s in it for the surgeon? Int Urogynecol J 22:1085–1097

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Dietz HP (2011) Pelvic floor ultrasound in prolapse: What’s in it for the surgeon? Int Urogynecol J 22:1221–1232

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Dietz HP (2017) Pelvic floor ultrasound: a review. Clin Obstet Gynecol 60:58–81

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Dietz HP (2004) Ultrasound imaging of the pelvic floor. Part II: three-dimensional or volume imaging. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 23:615–625

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Dietz HP, Abbu A, Shek KL (2008) The levator-urethra gap measurement: a more objective means of determining levator avulsion? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 32:941–945

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Dietz HP, Chantarasorn V, Shek KL (2010) Levator avulsion is a risk factor for cystocele recurrence. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 36:76–80

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Dietz HP, Nazemian K, Shek KL et al (2013) Can urodynamic stress incontinence be diagnosed by ultrasound? Int Urogynecol J 24:1399–1403

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Khullar V, Salvatore S, Cardozo L et al (1994) A novel technique for measuring bladder wall thickness in women using transvaginal ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 4:220–223

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Kociszewski J, Rautenberg O, Kolben S et al (2010) Tape functionality: position, change in shape, and outcome after TVT procedure – mid-term results. Int Urogynecol J 21:795–800

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Kociszewski J, Viereck V (2013) Introital ultrasound in the diagnosis of occult abscesses following a tape procedure: a case report. Arch Gynecol Obstet 288:577–579

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Naranjo-Ortiz C, Shek KL, Martin AJ et al (2016) What is normal bladder neck anatomy? Int Urogynecol J 27:945–950

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Oelke M, Khullar V, Wijkstra H (2013) Review on ultrasound measurement of bladder or detrusor wall thickness in women: techniques, diagnostic utility, and use in clinical trials. World J Urol 31:1093–1104

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Orno AK, Dietz HP (2007) Levator co-activation is a significant confounder of pelvic organ descent on Valsalva maneuver. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 30:346–350

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Paka C, Kamisan Atan I, Rios R et al (2017) Relationship of anatomy and function: external anal sphincter on transperineal ultrasound and anal incontinence. Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg 23:238–243

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Peschers UM, Delancey JO, Schaer GN et al (1997) Exoanal ultrasound of the anal sphincter: normal anatomy and sphincter defects. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 104:999–1003

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Reisenauer C, Muche-Borowski C, Anthuber C et al (2013) Interdisciplinary S2e guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of stress urinary incontinence in women. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 73:899–903 (Short version – AWMF Registry No. 015–005, July 2013)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Schuettoff S, Beyersdorff D, Gauruder-Burmester A et al (2006) Visibility of the polypropylene tape after tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) procedure in women with stress urinary incontinence: comparison of introital ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in vitro and in vivo. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 27:687–692

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Smith FJ, Holman CD, Moorin RE et al (2010) Lifetime risk of undergoing surgery for pelvic organ prolapse. Obstet Gynecol 116:1096–1100

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Trutnovsky G, Kamisan Atan I, Ulrich D et al (2016) Levator ani trauma and pelvic organ prolapse – a comparison of three translabial ultrasound scoring systems. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 95:1411–1417

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Tunn R, Albrich S, Beilecke K et al (2014) Interdisciplinary S2k guideline: sonography in urogynecology. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 74:1093–1098 (Short Version – AWMF Registry Number: 015/055)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Tunn R, Gauruder-Burmester A, Kolle D (2004) Ultrasound diagnosis of intra-urethral tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) position as a cause of postoperative voiding dysfunction and retropubic pain. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 23:298–301

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Tunn R, Goldammer K, Gauruder-Burmester A et al (2005) Pathogenesis of urethral funneling in women with stress urinary incontinence assessed by introital ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 26:287–292

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Tunn R, Petri E (2003) Introital and transvaginal ultrasound as the main tool in the assessment of urogenital and pelvic floor dysfunction: an imaging panel and practical approach. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 22:205–213

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Tunn R, Picot A, Marschke J et al (2007) Sonomorphological evaluation of polypropylene mesh implants after vaginal mesh repair in women with cystocele or rectocele. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 29:449–452

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Tunn R, Wildt B, Rohne J et al (2006) Management of postoperative objectified intravesical position of the TVT tape – two case reports. Urologe A 45:347–350

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Vergeldt TF, Notten KJ, Weemhoff M et al (2015) Levator hiatal area as a risk factor for cystocele recurrence after surgery: a prospective study. BJOG 122:1130–1137

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Viereck V, Pauer HU, Hesse O et al (2006) Urethral hypermobility after anti-incontinence surgery – a prognostic indicator? Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 17:586–592

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Wilkins MF, Wu JM (2017) Lifetime risk of surgery for stress urinary incontinence or pelvic organ prolapse. Minerva Ginecol 69:171–177

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Wong V, Shek K, Rane A et al (2013) Is levator avulsion a predictor of cystocele recurrence following anterior vaginal mesh placement? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 42:230–234

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Stefan B. Albrich.

Ethics declarations

Interessenkonflikt

S.B. Albrich gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine vom Autor durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

Additional information

Redaktion

A. Schröer, Berlin

B.-J. Hackelöer, Hamburg

J. Weichert, Lübeck

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Albrich, S.B. Urogenitalsonographie des weiblichen Beckenbodens. Gynäkologe 51, 208–216 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00129-018-4200-1

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00129-018-4200-1

Schlüsselwörter

Keywords

Navigation