Zusammenfassung
Die Plazenta ist ein komplexes Organ mit kurzer, begrenzter Lebenszeit. Zu ihren vielfältigen Aufgaben gehört nicht nur die Unterstützung und Steuerung der eigenen und der fetalen Entwicklung, sondern auch die Interaktion mit Mutter und Fetus Die Interaktion mit der Mutter ist vor allem in der ersten Schwangerschaftshälfte besonders ausgeprägt, in der plazentare Hormone den mütterlichen Metabolismus verändern und lokal wirksame Zytokine und Wachstumsfaktoren die immunologische Toleranz für den semiallogenen Feten einleiten. Im weiteren Verlauf der Schwangerschaft gewinnen fetale Signale zunehmenden Einfluss auf plazentare Entwicklung und vermitteln auch die Adaptation der Plazenta an fetale Bedürfnisse. Die Spezialisierung der Plazenta im Laufe der Schwangerschaft dient vor allem der Optimierung der fetalen Versorgung mit Nährstoffen und Sauerstoff. Eine Störung dieser Funktionen bzw. inadäquate Ausprägung ist oft mit Problemen verbunden, etwa mit fetaler Wachstumsrestriktion.
Abstract
The placenta is a complex organ with a limited lifespan. It sustains its own as well as fetal development and in doing so interacts with the mother and fetus. The interaction with the mother is particularly pronounced in the first half of gestation during which placental hormones promote the adaptation of maternal physiology and metabolism. Moreover, locally produced cytokines and growth factors induce immunological tolerance for the semiallogenic fetus. During the course of gestation fetal signals gain increasing influence on placental development and mediate adaptation of the placenta to fetal requirements. The specialization of the placenta during pregnancy mostly serves to optimize the supply of nutrients and oxygen to the fetus. Impaired maternal-fetal transport is often associated with pregnancy problems, such as fetal growth restriction.
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Cervar-Zivkovic, M., Desoye, G. Physiologie der Plazenta. Gynäkologe 46, 790–797 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00129-013-3161-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00129-013-3161-7