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Description of Solvent-Extractable Chemicals in Thermal Receipts and Toxicological Assessment of Bisphenol S and Diphenyl Sulfone

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Abstract

Research on thermal receipts has previously focused on the toxic effects of dermal exposure from the most publicized developers (e.g., bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol S (BPS)), while no studies have reported on the other solvent-extractable compounds therein. Diphenyl sulfone (DPS) is a sensitizer added to thermal receipts, but little is known about DPS concentrations in receipts or potential toxicity. Here, we quantified BPA, BPS, and DPS concentrations and tentatively identified the solvent-extractable compounds of thermal receipts collected from three South Dakota (USA) cities during 2016–2017. An immortalized chicken hepatic cell line, cultured as 3D spheroids, was used to screen effects of DPS, BPS, and 17ß estradiol (E2; 0.1–1000 µM) on cell viability and gene expression changes. These chemicals elicited limited cytotoxicity with LC50 values ranging from 113 to 143 µM, and induced dysregulation in genes associated with lipid and bile acid homeostasis. Taken together, this study generated novel information on solvent-extractable chemicals from thermal receipts and toxicity data for DPS.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Dr. Dale Droge (Dakota State University (DSU)) for insightful conversations and financial assistance, and Nancy Presuhn and Pamela Lewis (DSU) for superlative administrative assistance. This work was supported by start-up funds from Southern Oregon University (SOU) to P.V., and DSU to M.O.G. (as part of the DSU Faculty Research Initiative (FRI) and Supporting Talent for Research Trajectories (START) grant programs, and the DSU Provost’s Office). M.O.G. was further supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) South Dakota EPSCoR RII Track-1: Building on the 2020 Vision: Expanding Research, Education and Innovation in South Dakota (Award OIA-1849206), and the South Dakota Board of Regents. Funding for D.C. was from two sources within Environment and Climate Change Canada: (1) Chemicals Management Plan (CMP), and (2) Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division. V.A.S. was supported by a Goldwater Scholarship and grant T32 AI132165 from the National Institutes of Health.

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Author notes

  1. Vaille A. Swenson

    Present address: Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA

  2. Michael O. Gaylor

    Present address: Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, MO, USA

  3. Tasnia Sharin, Lucas J. Leinen and David Schreiber have equally contributed to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada

    Tasnia Sharin & Doug Crump

  2. Department of Chemistry, Dakota State University, Madison, SD, USA

    Lucas J. Leinen, David Schreiber, Vaille A. Swenson & Michael O. Gaylor

  3. Department of Biology, Southern Oregon University, Ashland, OR, USA

    Sarah A. Emsley & Patrick Videau

  4. Environmental Science and Policy Program, Southern Oregon University, Ashland, OR, USA

    E. Jamie Trammell

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  1. Tasnia Sharin
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Contributions

The study was conceived of and designed by Michael O. Gaylor, Doug Crump, Tasnia Sharin, and Patrick Videau. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by all authors. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Michael O. Gaylor, Doug Crump, Tasnia Sharin, and Patrick Videau, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Patrick Videau, Doug Crump or Michael O. Gaylor.

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Sharin, T., Leinen, L.J., Schreiber, D. et al. Description of Solvent-Extractable Chemicals in Thermal Receipts and Toxicological Assessment of Bisphenol S and Diphenyl Sulfone. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 112, 63 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-024-03871-4

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