Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Study on Pollution Characterization and Source Apportionment of Daytime and Nighttime PM2.5 Samples in an Urban Residential Community in Different Weather Conditions

  • Published:
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Daytime and nighttime PM2.5 samples were collected from an urban community in Tianjin. The major chemical components in PM2.5, including metal elements, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and inorganic water-soluble ions, were monitored. A positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was used to apportion the potential sources of PM2.5 under different weather conditions. When the Air Quality Index (AQI) was below 200, the concentrations of BaA, BbF, BkF, Na and NO3− during the nighttime were higher than those during the daytime. PMF analysis indicated that secondary aerosols (37.3%), biomass burning (26.7%) and coal combustion (26.0%) were important sources of PM2.5 in the urban residential community when the AQI was greater than 200. When the AQI was less than 200 in the urban residential community, the main sources of PM2.5 in the urban residential community were secondary aerosols (50.7%) and fossil fuel combustion (47.2%). The pollution status of PM2.5 in the residential community of the urban area was serious, and the source apportionments of the PM2.5 samples in the urban area were different under different weather conditions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Arhami M, Minguillon MC, Polidori A, Schauer JJ, Delfino RJ, Sioutas C (2010) Organic compound characterization and source apportionment of indoor and outdoor quasi-ultrafine particulate matter in retirement homes of the Los Angeles Basin. Indoor Air 20:17–30

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baoqing W, Jianfeng L, Zihui R, Ronghui C (2016) Concentrations, properties, and health risk of PM2.5 in the Tianjin city subway system. Environ Sci Pollut R 23(22):1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Birgul A, Tasdemir Y (2015) Concentrations, gas-particle partitioning, and seasonal variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at four sites in Turkey. Arch Environ Conam Toxicol 68:46–63

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Birmili W, Allen AG, Bary F, Harrison RM (2006) Trace metal concentrations and water solubility in size-fractionated atmospheric particles and influence of road traffic. Environ Sci Technol 40:1144–1153

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bocchi C, Bazzini C, Fontana F, Pinto G, Cassoni F (2017) Genotoxicity of airborne PM2.5 assessed by salmonella and comet assays in five cities of the Emilia-Romagna (Italy) mutagenicity monitoring network. Environ Mol Mutagen 58(9):719–729

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bragato M, Joshi K, Carlson JB, Tenorio JAS, Levendis YA (2012) Combustion of coal, bagasse and blends thereof: part II: speciation of PAH emission. Fuel 96:51–58

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cesari D, Genga A, Ielpo P, Siciliano M, Mascolo G, Grasso FM, Contini D (2014) Source apportionment of PM2.5 in the harbour—industrial area of Brindisi (Italy): identification and estimation of the contribution of in-port ship emissions. Sci Total Environ 497–498:392–400

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen Y, Li X, Zhu T, Han Y, Lv D (2017) PM2.5-bound PAHs in three indoor and one outdoor air in Beijing: concentration, source and health risk assessment. Sci Total Environ 586:255–264

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dongsheng J, Yang C, Liang L, Jun H, Lili W, Hongliang Z, Wan W, Luxi Z, Willy M, Tianxue W, Yuesi W (2018) Characterization and source identification of fine particulate matter in urban Beijing during the 2015 Spring Festival. Sci Total Environ 628–629:430–440

    Google Scholar 

  • Duan FK, Liu XD, Yu T, Cachier H (2004) Identification and estimate of biomass burning contribution to the urban aerosol organic carbon concentrations in Beijing. Atmos Environ 38:1275–1282

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fan XL, Chen Z, Liang LC, Qiu GL (2019) Atmospheric PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Guiyang City, Southwest China: concentration, seasonal variation, sources and health risk assessment. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 76(1):102–113

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finkelman RB (1994) Modes of occurrence of potentially hazardous elements in coal: levels of confidence. Fuel Process Technol 3(1):21–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Gao Y, Ji H (2018) Characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons components in fine particle during heavy polluting phase of each season in urban Beijing. Chemosphere 212:346–357

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guarieiro AL, Santos JV, Eiguren-Fernandez A, Torres EA, da Rocha GO, de Andrade JB (2014) Redox activity and PAH content in size-classified nanoparticles emitted by a diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel and diesel blends. Fuel 116(490):497

    Google Scholar 

  • Guo H, Kota SH, Sahu SK, Hu JL, Ying Q, Gao AF, Zhang HL (2017) Source apportionment of PM2.5 in North India using source-oriented air quality models. Environ Pollut 231:426–436

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hao YF, Meng XP, Yu XP, Lei ML, Li WJ, Yang WW, Shi FT, Xie SD (2020) Quantification of primary and secondary sources to PM2.5 using an improved source regional apportionment method in an industrial city. China Sci Total Environ. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135715

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Han X, Zhang MG, Zhu LY, Skorokhod A (2016) Assessment of the impact of emissions reductions on air quality over North China Plain. Atmos Environ Res 7:249–259

    Google Scholar 

  • Hector J (2020) Ambient particulate matter in Santiago, Chile: 1989–2018: a tale of two size fractions. J Environ Manage. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.110035

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hu RY, Liu GJ, Zhang H, Xue HQ, Wang X (2017) Levels and sources of PAHs in air-borne PM2.5 of Hefei City China. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 98(2):270–276

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu CY, Chiang HC, Chen MJ, Yang TT, Wu YS, Chen YC (2019) Impacts of hazardous metals and PAHs in fine and coarse particles with long-range transports in Taipei City. Environ Pollut 250:934–943

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Javed W, Iakovides M, Garaga R, Stephanou EG, Kota SH, Ying Q, Wolfson JM, Koutrakis P, Guo B (2019) Source apportionment of organic pollutants in fine and coarse atmospheric particles in Doha Qatar. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 69(11):1277–1292

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiajia G, Kun W, Yong W, Shuhan L, Chuanyong Z, Jiming H, Huanjia L, Shenbing H, Hezhong T (2018) Temporal-spatial characteristics and source apportionment of PM2.5 as well as its associated chemical species in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region of China. Environ Pollut 33:714–724

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiandong L, Hong L, Jianlin H, Nan L (2019) Severe particulate pollution days in China during 2013–2018 and the associated typical weather patterns in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and the Yangtze River Delta regions. Environ Pollut 248:74–81

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiang L, Bai L (2018) Spatio-temporal characteristics of urban air pollutions and their causal relationships: evidence from Beijing and its neighboring cities. Sci Rep 8:1279

    Google Scholar 

  • Jinzhu Z, Xuehua Z, Zhe W, Lingxiao Y, Jing W, Wenxing W (2017) Trace elements in PM2.5 in Shandong province: source identification and health risk assessment. Sci Total Environ 621:558–577

    Google Scholar 

  • Karanasiou AA, Siskos PA, Eleftheriadis K (2009) Assessment of source apportionment by positive matrix factorization analysis on fine and coarse urban aerosol size fractions. Atmos Environ 43:3385–3395

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kulkarni P, Venkataraman C (2000) Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Mumbai, India. Atmos Environ 34:2785–2790

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ling Y, Ning L, Xiafang Y, Jia D, Cundong Y (2015) Comparison of hourly PM2.5 observations between urban and suburban areas in Beijing, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 12(10):12264–12276

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee E, Song DJ, Kim WK, Suh DI, Baek HS, Shin M, Yoo Y, Kim JT, Kwon JW, Jang GC, Lim DH, Yang HJ, Kim HS, Seo JH, Woo SI, Kim HY, Shin YH, Lee JS, Yoon J, Jung S, Han M, Eom E, Yu J (2020) Associated factors for asthma severity in Korean children: a Korean childhood asthma study. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 12(1):86–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu PP, Zhang YL, Wu TT, Shen ZX, Xu HM (2019) Acid-extractable heavy metals in PM2.5 over Xi’an, China: seasonal distribution and meteorological influence. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 26(33):34357–34367

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Z, Xie Y, Hu B, Wen T, Xin J, Li X, Wang Y (2017) Size-resolved aerosol water-soluble ions during the summer and winter seasons in Beijing: formation mechanisms of secondary inorganic aerosols. Chemosphere 13:119–131

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lough GC, Schauer JJ, Park JS, Shafer MM, Deminter JT, Weinstrin JP (2005) Emissions of metals associated with motor vehicle roadways. Environ Sci Technol 39(3):826–836

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ming W, Dan W, Junrong X, Tianliang Z, Qingjian Y (2019) Analysis of pollution characteristics and sources of PM2.5 chemical components in Chengdu in winter. Huan Jing Ke Xue 40(1):76–85 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China (2012) Technical Regulation on Ambient Air Quality Index (HJ 633-2012). China (in Chinese)

  • National Bureau of Statistics of China (NBS) (2016) China statistical yearbook. China Statistics Press, Beijing (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen-Duy D, Moo BC (2017) Review on characteristics of PAHs in atmosphere, anthropogenic sources and control technologies. Sci Total Environ 609:682–693

    Google Scholar 

  • Norris G, Duvall R, Brown S, Bai S (2014) EPA positive matrix factorization (PMF) 5.0 fundamentals and user guide. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Paatero P (1997) Least squares formulation of robust non-negative factor analysis. Chemometr Intell Lab 37:23–35

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paatero P, Tapper U (1994) Positive matrix factorization: a non-negative factor model with optimal utilization of error estimates of data values. Environmetrics 5:111–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Pu W, Zhao X, Shi X, Ma Z, Zhang X, Yu B (2015) Impact of long-range transport on aerosol properties at a regional background station in Northern China. Atmos Res 153:489–499

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Report on the State of the Environment in China (2015). https://english.mee.gov.cn/Resources/Reports/soe/Report/201706/P020170614504782926467.pdf

  • Ruoyu H, Guijian L, Hong Z, Huaqing X, Xin W (2017) Levels and sources of PAHs in air-borne PM2.5 of Hefei City China. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 98(2):270–276

    Google Scholar 

  • Tan JH, Duan JC, Ma YL, Yang FM, Cheng Y, He KB, Yu YC, Wang JW (2014) Source of atmospheric heavy metals in winter in Foshan, China. Sci Total Environ 493:262–270

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turpin BJ, Lim HJ (2001) Species contributions to PM2.5 mass concentrations: revisiting common assumptions for estimating organic mass. Aerosol Sci Technol 35:602–610

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Visser S, Slowik JG, Furger M, Zotter P, Bukowiecki N, Canonaco F, Flechsig U, Appel K, Green DC, Tremper AH, Young DE, Williams PI, Allan JD, Coe H, Williams LR, Mohr C, Xu L, Ng NL, Nemitz E, Barlow JF, Halios CH, Fleming ZL, Baltensperger U, Prevot ASH (2015) Advanced source apportionment of size-resolved trace elements at multiple sites in London during winter. Atmos Chem Phys 15:11291–11309

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xiang D, Pusheng Z, Jie S, Qun D (2018) Size distributions of water-soluble components in ambient aerosol of Beijing. Huan Jing Ke Xue 39(11):4858–4865 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Xiaohong Y, Chak KC, Ming F, Steven C, Tai C, Patricia M, Kebin H, Boming Y (2002) The water-soluble ionic composition of PM2.5 in Shanghai and Beijing. China Atmos Environ 36:4223–4234

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu QC, Wang SX, Jiang JK, Bhattarai N, Li XX, Chang X, Qiu XH, Zheng M, Hua Y, Hao JM (2019) Nitrate dominates the chemical composition of PM2.5 during haze event in Beijing China. Sci Total Environ 689:1293–1303

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yan Z, Lihong F, Bodong S, Jianping L, Guang L, Yinghong W (2019) Pollution characterization and source apportionment of day and night PM2.5 samples in urban and suburban communities of Tianjin (China). Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 76:591–604

    Google Scholar 

  • Yanan W, Chenhui J, Tao J, Leiming Z, Xiaoxue L, Jianmin M, Hong G, Tao H, Kai Z (2016) Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM2.5 in a semi-arid and petrochemical-industrialized city, northwest China. Sci Total Environ 573:1031–1040

    Google Scholar 

  • Yangyang X, Bin Z (2018) Chemical composition of outdoor and indoor PM2.5 collected during haze events: transformations and modified source contributions resulting from outdoor-to-indoor transport. Indoor Air 28(6):828–839

    Google Scholar 

  • Yao L, Yang L, Yuan Q, Yan C, Dong C, Meng C, Sui X, Yang F, Lu Y, Wang W (2016) Sources apportionment of PM2.5 in a background site in the North China Plain. Sci Total Environ 541:590–598

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yibing Y, Liu L, Chunyu X, Na L, Zhe L, Qin W, Dongqun X (2018) Source apportionment and influencing factor analysis of residential indoor PM2.5 in Beijing. Int J Environ Res Public Health 15(4):686–704

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu L, Wang G, Zhang R, Zhang L, Song Y, Wu B, Li XF, An K, Chu JH (2013) Characterization and source apportionment of PM2.5 in an urban environment in Beijing. Aerosol Air Qual Res 13:574–583

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Huang W, Cai TQ, Fang D, Wang Y, Song J, Hu M, Zhang YX (2016) Concentrations and chemical compositions of fine particles (PM2.5) during haze and non-haze days in Beijing. Atmos Res 174:62–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang YF, Yu RL, Hu GR, Sun JW, Xu WZ, Zhang ZW (2017) Composition characteristics and sources apportionment of lanthanoid in PM2.5 of Quanzhou. Huan Jing Ke Xue 38(7):2698–2706 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou LM, Hopke PK, Zhao WX (2009) Source apportionment of airborne particulate matter for the speciation trends network site in Cleveland. OH J Air Waste Manag Assoc 59(3):321–331

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the contribution of all the members who participated in the sampling and chemical analysis.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental and Health, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, 300011, China

    Yan Zhao, Lihong Feng, Yuwen Wang, Bodong Shang & Jianping Li

  2. Department of Monitoring, Heping Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, 300070, China

    Penghao Han

Authors
  1. Yan Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Lihong Feng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yuwen Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Bodong Shang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jianping Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Penghao Han
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yan Zhao.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zhao, Y., Feng, L., Wang, Y. et al. Study on Pollution Characterization and Source Apportionment of Daytime and Nighttime PM2.5 Samples in an Urban Residential Community in Different Weather Conditions. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 104, 673–681 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-020-02828-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-020-02828-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation