Abstract
Human biomonitoring (HBM) is an appreciated tool used to evaluate human exposure to environmental, occupational or lifestyle chemicals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the exposure levels for environmental chemicals in urine and blood samples of children from San Luis Potosí, Mexico (SLP). This study identifies environmental chemicals of concern such as: arsenic (45.0 ± 15.0 µg/g creatinine), lead (5.40 ± 2.80 µg/dL), t,t-muconic acid (266 ± 220 µg/g creatinine), 1-hydroxypyrene (0.25 ± 0.15 µmol/mol creatinine), PBDEs (28.0 ± 15.0 ng/g lipid), and PCBs (33.0 ± 16.0 ng/g lipid). On the other hand, low mercury (1.25 ± 1.00 µg/L), hippuric acid (0.38 ± 0.15 µg/g creatinine) and total DDT (130 ± 35 ng/g lipid) exposure levels were found. This preliminary study showed the tool’s utility, as the general findings revealed chemicals of concern. Moreover, this screening exhibited the need for HBM in the general population of SLP.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles and news from researchers in related subjects, suggested using machine learning.References
Armstrong TW, Zaleski RT, Konkel WJ, Parkerton TJ (2002) A tiered approach to assessing children’s exposure: a review of methods and data. Toxicol Lett 127:111–119
Basu N, Tutino R, Zhang Z et al (2014) Mercury levels in pregnant women, children, and seafood from Mexico City. Environ Res 135:63–69. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2014.08.029
Birnbaum LS, Staskal DF (2004) Brominated flame retardants: cause for concern? Environ Health Perspect 112:9–17
Boucher O, Muckle G, Ayotte P et al (2016) Altered fine motor function at school age in Inuit children exposed to PCBs, methylmercury, and lead. Environ Int 95:144–151. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2016.08.010
Costilla-Salazar R, Trejo-Acevedo A, Rocha-Amador D et al (2011) Assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury levels in soil and biological samples from San Felipe, Nuevo Mercurio, Zacatecas, Mexico. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 86:212–216. doi:10.1007/s00128-010-0165-z
Diaz-Barriga F, Santos MA, Mejia JJ et al (1993) Arsenic and cadmium exposure in children living near a smelter complex in San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Environ Res 62:242–250
Ferrante MC, Amero P, Santoro A et al (2014) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB 101, PCB 153 and PCB 180) alter leptin signaling and lipid metabolism in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 279:401–408. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2014.06.016
Haines D a., Murray J (2012) Human biomonitoring of environmental chemicals—early results of the 2007–2009 Canadian Health Measures Survey for males and females. Int J Hyg Environ Health 215:133–137. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.09.008
Harley KG, Rauch SA, Chevrier J et al (2017) Association of prenatal and childhood PBDE exposure with timing of puberty in boys and girls. Environ Int. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2017.01.003
Jasso-Pineda Y, Diaz-Barriga F, Yanez-Estrada L et al (2015) DNA damage in Mexican children living in high-risk contaminated scenarios. Sci Total Environ 518–519:38–48. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.073
Kim SY, Son B-S, Park H-J et al (2017) Impact of environmental volatile organic compounds on otitis media in children: correlation between exposure and urinary metabolites. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 93:157–162. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2016.12.036
Lanphear BP, Hornung R, Khoury J et al (2005) Low-level environmental lead exposure and children’s intellectual function: an international pooled analysis. Environ Health Perspect 113:894–899
Martínez-Salinas RI, Elena Leal M, Batres-Esquivel LE et al (2010) Exposure of children to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Mexico: assessment of multiple sources. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 83:617–623. doi:10.1007/s00420-009-0482-x
NHANES IV (2009) Fourth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals. Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
Ochoa-Martinez AC, Orta-Garcia ST, Rico-Escobar EM et al (2016) Exposure assessment to environmental chemicals in children from Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 70:657–670. doi:10.1007/s00244-016-0273-9
Pelallo-Martínez NA, Batres-Esquivel L, Carrizales-Yañez L, Díaz-Barriga FM (2014) Genotoxic and hematological effects in children exposed to a chemical mixture in a petrochemical area in Mexico. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 67:1–8. doi:10.1007/s00244-014-9999-4
Pérez-Maldonado IN, Trejo-Acevedo A, Orta-García ST et al (2014) DDT and DDE concentrations in the blood of Mexican children residing in the southeastern region of Mexico. J Environ Sci Health B 49:87–93. doi:10.1080/03601234.2014.846705
Perez-Vazquez FJ, Flores-Ramirez R, Ochoa-Martinez AC et al (2015) Concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and heavy metals in soil from San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Environ Monit Assess 187:4119. doi:10.1007/s10661-014-4119-5
Protano C, Andreoli R, Manini P, Vitali M (2012) Urinary trans, trans-muconic acid and S-phenylmercapturic acid are indicative of exposure to urban benzene pollution during childhood. Sci Total Environ 435–436:115–123. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.004
Pruneda-Alvarez LG, Perez-Vazquez FJ, Ruiz-Vera T et al (2016a) Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene concentration as an exposure biomarker to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Mexican women from different hot spot scenarios and health risk assessment. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 23:6816–6825. doi:10.1007/s11356-015-5918-0
Pruneda-Alvarez LG, Ruíz-Vera T, Ochoa-Martínez AC, Pérez-Maldonado IN (2016b) Urinary trans-trans muconic acid (exposure biomarker to benzene) and hippuric acid (exposure biomarker to toluene) concentrations in Mexican women living in high-risk scenarios of air pollution. Arch Environ Occup Health 1–8. doi:10.1080/19338244.2016.1272539
Rich DQ (2017) Accountability studies of air pollution and health effects: lessons learned and recommendations for future natural experiment opportunities. Environ Int. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2016.12.019
Schulz C, Angerer J, Ewers U, Kolossa-Gehring M (2007) The German human biomonitoring commission. Int J Hyg Environ Health 210:373–382. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.01.035
Schulz C, Angerer J, Ewers U et al (2009) Revised and new reference values for environmental pollutants in urine or blood of children in Germany derived from the German environmental survey on children 2003–2006 (GerES IV). Int J Hyg Environ Health 212:637–647. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2009.05.003
Suk WA, Ahanchian H, Asante KA et al (2016) Environmental pollution: an under-recognized threat to children’s health, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Environ Health Perspect 124:A41–A45. doi:10.1289/ehp.1510517
Trejo-Acevedo A, Diaz-Barriga F, Carrizales L et al (2009) Exposure assessment of persistent organic pollutants and metals in Mexican children. Chemosphere 74:974–980. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.10.030
Vuong AM, Braun JM, Yolton K et al (2017) Prenatal and postnatal polybrominated diphenyl ether exposure and visual spatial abilities in children. Environ Res 153:83–92. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2016.11.020
Acknowledgements
This work was financed by a grant from the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Mexico. Proyectos de Desarrollo Científico para Atender Problemas Nacionales 2015. PDCPN2015-1558. The authors would like to thank Miss. Laura Carmen Martínez for helping with English editing.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Perez-Maldonado, I.N., Ochoa-Martinez, A.C., Orta-Garcia, S.T. et al. Concentrations of Environmental Chemicals in Urine and Blood Samples of Children from San Luis Potosí, Mexico. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 99, 258–263 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-017-2130-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-017-2130-6


