Abstract
This study investigated the occurrence of oxytetracycline (OTC) and emamectin benzoate (EB) in sediments located near the effluent outfall from four freshwater aquaculture facilities in Atlantic Canada. While two facilities had no detectable concentrations of EB or OTC, two facilities had detectable concentrations of one or both of these chemicals. Concentrations ranged from <0.05–18 mg/kg to <0.01–2.5 mg/kg for OTC and EB respectively. Although these values could not be compared with freshwater toxicant values, some of the concentrations of EB and OTC detected were higher than LC50 values calculated for marine invertebrates. OTC concentrations measured in this study are also of a magnitude which has been known to produce resistant bacteria.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Burridge L, Weis JS, Cabello F, Pizarro J, Bostick K (2008) Chemical use in salmon aquaculture: a review of current practices and possible environmental effects. Aquaculture 306(1–4):7–23
Health Canada (2010) List of veterinary drugs that are authorized for sale by Health Canada for use in Food-producing aquatic animals. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/vet/legislation/pol/aquaculture_anim-eng.php. Accessed on January 25, 2012
Herwig RP, Gray JP, Weston DP (1997) Antibacterial resistant bacteria in superficial sediments near salmon netcage farms in Puget Sound, Washington. Aquaculture 149:263–283
Hirsh R, Ternes T, Haberer K, Kratz KL (1999) Occurrence of antibiotics in the aquatic environment. Sci Total Environ 225:109–118
Kerry J, Coyne R, Gilroy D, Hiney M, Smith P (1996) Spatial distribution of oxytetracycline and elevated frequencies of oxytetracycline-resistance in sediments beneath a marine salmon farm following oxytetracycline therapy. Aquaculture 145:31–39
Lalumera GM, Calamari D, Galli P, Castiglioni S, Crosa G, Fanelli R (2004) Preliminary investigation on the environmental occurrence and effects of antibiotics used in aquaculture in Italy. Chemosphere 54:661–668
Li D, Yand M, Hu J, Ren L, Zhang Y, Li K (2008) Determination and fate of oxytetracycline and related compounds in oxytetracycline production wastewater and the receiving river. Environ Toxicol Chem 27(1):80–86
Mayor DJ, Solan M, Martinez I, Murray L, McMillan H, Paton GI, Killham K (2008) Acute toxicity of some treatments commonly used by the salmonid industry to Corophium volutator and Hediste diversicolor: whole sediment bioassay tests. Aquaculture 285:102–108
McHenery JG, MacKie CM (1999) Revised expert report on the potential environmental impacts of emamectin benzoate, formulated as slice, for salmonids. Cordah Report No:SCH001R5
O’Reilly A, Smith P (2001) Use of indirect conductimetry to establish predictive no effect concentrations of oxytetracycline and oxolinic acid in aquatic sediments. Aquaculture 196:13–26
Phong TK, Nhung DTT, Hiramatsu K, Watanabe H (2009) Prediction of the fate of oxytetracycline and oxolinic acid in a fish pond simulation model—a preliminary study. J Fac Agric Kyushu Univ 54(2):513–521
Pouliquen H, Delépée R, Thorin C, Haury J, Larhantec-Verdier M, Morvan M-L, Le Bris H (2009) Comparison of water, sediment and plants for the monitoring of antibiotics: a case study on a river dedicated to fish farming. Environ Toxicol Chem 28(3):496–502
Riet JM, Brothers NN, Pearce JN, Burns BG (2001) Simultaneous determination of emamectin and ivermectin residues in Atlantic Salmon Muscle by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. JAOAC Int 84(5):1358–1362
Rose PE, Pedersen JA (2005) Fate of oxytetracycline in streams receiving aquaculture discharges: model simulations. Environ Toxicol Chem 24(1):40–50
Samuelsen OB (1989) Degradation of oxytetracycline in seawater at two different temperature and light intensities and the persistence of oxytetracycline in the sediment from a fish farm. Aquaculture 83:7–16
Samuelsen OB, Torsvik V, Ervik A (1992) Long-range changes in oxytetracycline concentration and bacterial resistance towards oxytetracycline in a fish farm sediment after medication. Sci Total Environ 114:25–36
Scott RJ (2004) Environmental fate and effects of chemicals associated with Canadian freshwater aquaculture. Canadian Technical Report on Fisheries and Aquatic Science 2450
Scottish Environment Protection Agency (1999) Emamectin benzoate. An environmental risk assessment. SEPA 66/99. Fish Farm Advisory Group, Scotland, UK
Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) (2004) The occurrence of the active ingredients of sea lice treatments in sediments adjacent to marine fish farms: results of monitoring surveys carried out by SEPA in 2001 and 2002, 54 p
Stachowiak M, Clark SE, Templin RE, Baker KH (2010) Tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli in a small stream receiving fish hatchery effluent. Water Air Soil Pollut 211(1–4):251–259
Thurman EM, Dietze JE, Scribner EA (2003) Occurrence of antibiotics in water from fish hatcheries. USGS Fact Sheet 120-02
UMA (2005) Use of emamectin benzoate in the Canadian finfish aquaculture industry: a review of environmental fate and effects. Prepared for Environment Canada
Viadero RC, Cunningham JH, Semmens KJ, Tierney AE (2005) Effluent and production impacts of flow-through aquaculture operations in West Virginia. Aquac Eng 33:258–270
Yuan S, Wang Q, Yates SR, Peterson NG (2010) Development of an efficient extraction method for oxytetracycline in animal manure for high performance liquid chromatography analysis. J Environ Sci Health B 45(7):612–620
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lalonde, B.A., Ernst, W. & Greenwood, L. Measurement of Oxytetracycline and Emamectin Benzoate in Freshwater Sediments Downstream of Land Based Aquaculture Facilities in the Atlantic Region of Canada. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 89, 547–550 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-012-0724-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-012-0724-6