Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the fluoride concentration in tap drinking water in different cities of Morocco using an electrochemical ion-selective method. Three samples were collected from each thirteen selected cities in the period between March and May 2011. The median value of fluoride was 0.94 mg/L (0.21–2.97). High fluoride concentrations (>0.8 mg/L) were found in sixteen cities. Very high values were found in phosphate regions such as Khouribga which is known to be an endemic dental fluorosis area. This study has shown that the concentration of fluoride in drinking water exceeds the limit especially in phosphate regions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdennebi EH, Fandi R, Lamnaouer D (1995) Human fluorosis in Morocco: analytical and clinical investigations. Vet Hum Toxicol 37:465–468
Benoit P, Brun G, Lueza JM, Ben Dhia S (1973) A fluorosis peculiar to the phosphate regions of Morocco: the Darmous. Rev Odontostomatol Midi France 31:229–248
Borissova R, Debouki A, Nikolov T (1993) Titrimetric determination of phosphates and monofluorophosphates in toothpastes. Fresenius J Anal Chem 347:63–66
Conceição AC, dos Santos MM, Gonçalves ML (2008) Adaptation of a commercial ion selective fluoride electrode to a tubular configuration for analysis by flow methodologies. Talanta 76:107–110
Denbesten P, Li W (2011) Chronic fluoride toxicity: dental fluorosis. Monogr Oral Sci 22:81–96
National research council (1997) DRI (dietary reference intakes) for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride. National Academy Press, Washington, pp 302–303
Haikel Y, Cahen PM, Turlot JC, Frank RM (1989) Dental caries and fluorosis in children from high and low fluoride areas of Morocco. ASDC J Dent Child 56:378–381
Krishnamachari KA (1986) Skeletal fluorosis in humans: a review of recent progress in the understanding of the disease. Prog Food Nutr Sci. 10:279–314
Lefler JE, Ivey MM (2011) Ion chromatography detection of fluoride in calcium carbonate. J Chromatogr Sci 49:582–588
Messaitfa A, Safer MC (2007) Fluoride contents in ground waters and the main consumed foods (dates and tea) in southern Algeria region. OnLine J Earth Sci 1:70e5
Ministry of health morocco, DELM (1999) Enquête épidémiologique nationale en santé bucco-dentaire. Maroc
Morés S, Monteiro GC, Santos Fda S, Carasek E, Welz B (2011) Determination of fluorine in tea using high-resolution molecular absorption spectrometry with electrothermal vaporization of the calcium mono-fluoride CaF. Talanta 85:2681–2685
Murray JJ (1993) Efficacy of preventive agents for dental caries. Systemic fluorides: water fluoridation. Caries Res 27(Suppl 1):2–8
Pavić M, Carević D, Cimerman Z (1999) Potentiometric determination of monofluorphosphate in dentifrice: a critical discussion and a proposal for new improved procedures. J Pharm Biomed Anal 20:565–571
Pham Huy C, Nadji F, Postaire M, Hamon M (1991) Determination of fluorides and fluorophosphates in drugs, toothpastes and mineral waters by gas liquid chromatography. Ann Pharm Française 49:139–150
Raja-Reddy D (1979) Handbook of Neurology. North Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, p 465
Santos JR, Lapa RA, Lima JL (2007) Development of a tubular fluoride potentiometric detector for flow analysis: evaluation and analytical applications. Anal Chim Acta 583:429–436
Sarala Kumari D, Rama Krishna PR (1993) Endemic fluorosis in the village Ralla Anantpuram in Andhra Pradesh: an epidemiological study. Fluoride 26:177–180
Singh B, Gaur S, Garg VK (2007) Fluoride in drinking water and human urine in Southern Haryana, India. J Hazard Mater 144:147–151
SNIMA (Moroccan Industrial Standards Office) (1991) Quality standard of water for human consumption, Homologation Decree N 359–91, Morocco
Tahaikt M, El Habbani R, Ait Haddou A, Achary I, Amor Z, Taky M, Alami A, Boughriba A, Hafsi M, Elmidaoui A (2007) Fluoride removal from groundwater by nanofiltration. Desalination 212:46–53
USPHS (United State Public Health Service) (1962) Drinking Water Standard- 1962, USPHS, Publication 956. USGPO, Washington, DC
Van Staden JF, Stefan RI (1999) Simultaneous flow injection determination of calcium and fluoride in natural and borehole water with conventional ion-selective electrodes in series. Talanta 49:1017–1022
WHO (1997) Guideline for DrinkingWater Quality. WHO, Geneva
WHO (2011) Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality. WHO, Geneva
Zolgharnein J, Shahrjerdi A, Azimi G, Ghasemi J (2009) Spectrophotometric determination of trace amounts of fluoride using an Al-xylenol orange complex as a colored reagent. Anal Sci 25:1249–1253
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
El Jaoudi, R., Mamouch, F., Ait El Cadi, M. et al. Determination of Fluoride in Tap Water in Morocco using a Direct Electrochemical Method. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 89, 390–394 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-012-0706-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-012-0706-8