References
Asano N, Takeuchi M, Ninomiya K, Kameda Y, Matsui K (1984) Microbial degradation of validamycin A by Flavobacterium saccharophilum. Enzymatic cleavage of C-N linkage in validoxylamine A. J Antibiot 37:859
Bart L, Margreet B, Alfons CRCV, Bruno PAC, Bart PHJT (2006) Real-time PCR for detection and quantification of fungal and oomycete tomato pathogens in plant and soil samples. Plant Science 171: 155–165
Castaldini M, Turrini A, Sbrana C, et al. (2005) Impact of Bt corn on rhizospheric and soil eubacterial communities and on beneficial mycorrhizal symbiosis in experimental microcosms. Appl Environ Microbiol 71(11):6719–6729
Crecchio C, Curci M, Pizzigallo MDR, Ricciuti P, Ruggiero P (2001) Molecular approaches to investigate herbicide-induced bacterial community changes in soil microcosms. Biol Fertil Soils 33: 460–466
Dewhurst IC (2001) Toxicological assessment of biological pesticides. Toxicol Lett 120: 67–72
Donegan KK, Palm CJ, Fieland VJ, Porteous LA, Ganio LM, Schallr DL, Bucal LQ, Seidler RJ (1995) Changes in levels, species and DNA fingerprints of soil microorganisms associated with cotton expressing the Bt. Appl Soil Ecol 2:111–124
England LS, Holmes SB, Trevors JT (1998) Persistence of viruses and DNA in soil. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 14: 163–169
Ferguson RL, Buckley EN, Palumbo AV (1984) Response of marine bacterioplankton to differential filtration and confinement. Appl Environ Microbiol 47: 49–55
Fogel GB, Collins CR, Li J, Brunk CF (1999) Prokaryotic genome size and SSU rDNA copy number: estimation of microbial relative abundance from a mixed population. Microb Ecol 38: 93–113
Gonod LV, Martin-Laurent F, Chenu C (2006) 2,4-D impact on bacterial communities, and the activity and genetic potential of 2,4-D degrading communities in soil. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 58(3): 529–537
Griffiths BS, Caul S, Thompson J, Birch AN, Scrimgeour C, Cortet J, Foggo A, Hackett CA, Krogh PH. Soil microbial and faunal community responses to bt maize and insecticide in two soils. J Environ Qual 35(3):734–741
He JZ, Xu ZH, Hughes J (2005) Analyses of soil fungal communities in adjacent natural forest and hoop pine plantation ecosystems of subtropical Australia using molecular approaches based on 18S rRNA genes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 247(1): 91–100
Hibbett DS (1992) Ribosomal RNA and fungal systematics. Trans Mycol Soc Jpn 33:533–556
Hunt J, Boddy L, Randerson PF, Rogers HJ (2004) An Evaluation of 18S rDNA Approaches for the study of fungal diversity in grassland soils. Microbiol Ecol 47: 385–395
Kolb S, Knief C, Stubner S, Conrad R (2003) Quantitative detection of metanotrophs in soil by novel pmoA targeted real-time PCR assays. Appl Environ Microbiol 69: 2423–2429
Lees AK, Cullen DW, Sullivan L, Nicolson MJ (2002) Development of conventional and quantitative real-time PCR assays for the detection and identification of Rhizoctonia solani AG-3 in potato and soil. Plant Pathol 51: 293–302
Liu WT, Marsh TL, Cheng H, Forney LJ (1997) Characterization of microbial diversity by determining terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms of genes encoding 16S rRNA. Appl Environ Microbiol 63: 4516–4522
Lu Z, Min H, Li N, Shao T, Ye Y (2006) Variations of bacterial community structure in flooded paddy soil contaminated with herbicide quinclorac. J Environ Sci Health B 41(6):821–832
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (1993). Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). NIOSH. Cincinnati, OH
Qian H, Cheng Q (2005) An efficient method for separation of humic compounds and DNA from soil suitable for PCR analysis of microorganism International symposium on phytoremdiation and ecosystem health. p. 35
Qian H, Hu B, Wang Z, Xu X, Hong T (C) Effects of Validamycin on Some Enzymatic Activities in Soil. Environ Monit Assess 125(1–3):1–8
Rasmussen R (2001) Quantification on the light cycle. In: Meuer S, Wittwer C, Nakagawara K (eds.) Rapid cycle real-time PCR methods and applications. Springer, Heidelberg, p. 21
Reichardt W, Mascarina G, Padre B, Doll J (1997) Microbial communities of continuously cropped, irrigated rice fields. Appl Environ Microbiol 63: 233–238
Schaade L, Kockelkorn P, Ritter K, Kleines M (2000) Detection of cytomegalovirus DNA in human specimens by Light-Cycler PCR. J Clin Microbiol 38: 4006–4009
Stubner S (2004) Quantification of Gram-negative sulphate-reducing bacteria in rice field soil by 16S rRNA gene-targeted real-time PCR. J Microbiol Methods 57: 219–230
Waldrop MP, Firestone MK (2006) Response of microbial community composition and function to soil climate change. Microbiol Ecol 52(4):716–724
Wang J, Feng Y, Luo S (2005) Effects of Bt corn straw decomposition on soil enzyme activities and soil fertility. Chin J Appl Ecol 2005, 16(3): 524–528
Wardle DA, Giller KE (1997) The quest for a contemporary ecological dimension to soil biology. Soil Biol Biochem 28: 1549–1554
Wu W, Ye Q Min H (2004a) Effect of straws from Bt-transgenic rice on selected biological activities in water-flooded soil. Euro J Soil Biol 40: 15–22
Wu W, Ye Q, Min H, Duan X, Jin W (2004b) Bt-transgenic rice straw affects the culturable microbiota and dehydrogenase and phosphatase activities in a flooded paddy soil. Soil Biol Biochem 36:289–295
Zhang JF, Zheng YG, Xue YP, Shen YC (2005) Purification and characterization of the glucoside 3-dehydrogenase produced by a newly isolated Stenotrophomonas maltrophiliaCCTCC M 204024. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 15:1–8
Zheng YG, Zhang XF, Shen YC (2005) Microbial transformation of validamycin A to valienamine by immobilized cells. Biocatal Biotransform 23:71–77
Acknowledgements
This work was financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 20607020), the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (no. Y504076) and the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health of China (no. 050402).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Qian, H., Hu, B., Cao, D. et al. Bio-safety Assessment of Validamycin Formulation on Bacterial and Fungal Biomass in Soil Monitored by Real-Time PCR. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 78, 239–244 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-007-9148-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-007-9148-0