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Psychometric properties of the Swedish translation of the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory-Revised and the population characteristics of the symptom dimensions of OCD

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Abstract

Purpose

EGOS is an epidemiological obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) cohort in Sweden. Individuals contributed DNA for genotyping and sequencing and completed a Swedish translation of the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R), a self-report questionnaire for assessing the severity of OCD. This study aimed first to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Swedish translation of the OCI-R and then shed light on the frequency, severity, and symptom dimensions of OCD comorbid with other psychiatric disorders.

Methods

OCI-R data were available for 1010 individuals diagnosed with OCD, and 124 individuals diagnosed with chronic tic disorders without OCD used as a comparison group. We first performed a confirmatory factor analysis to confirm the six-factor structure of OCI-R. Then, we estimated Cronbach’s α coefficient and the generalizability coefficient to evaluate the internal consistency of the OCI-R. We linked the data from the Swedish national registries to access and analyze psychiatric comorbidities of OCD.

Results

The Swedish translation of OCI-R demonstrated internal consistency and clear agreement with the OCI-R six-factor model. The mean total OCI-R score for females was significantly higher than for males. The most comorbid psychiatric condition to OCD were anxiety disorders (13.6%) and major depression (12%).

Conclusion

The Swedish translation of OCI-R was a valid and reliable measure for assessing the severity of OCD. We observed that individuals with OCD frequently had additional comorbid psychiatric disorders and that the severity of OCD was significantly higher in individuals with at least one additional psychiatric comorbidity as compared to individuals with no psychiatric comorbidity.

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Availability of data and material

Study data are maintained at the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Extracted DNA samples are stored at Karolinska Biobank [https://ki.se/en/research/ki-biobank]. Biological samples can be made available to approved researchers.

Code availability

We used the psych package developed by William Revelle in R version 3.6.0.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the EGOS families and clinicians for their participation. We appreciate Dr. Anna Grönberg and Dr. Sandra Bates for the Swedish translation of OCI-R and their support.

This study was supported by a grant from the Beatrice and Samuel A. Seaver Foundation (DEG, JDB, BM); the Mindworks Charitable Lead Trust (DEG); the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (DEG); NIMH R01MH124679 (DEG).

Funding

This study was supported by a grant from the Beatrice and Samuel A. Seaver Foundation (DEG, JDB, BM); the Mindworks Charitable Lead Trust (DEG); the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (DEG); NIMH R01MH124679 (DEG).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

    Behrang Mahjani, Christina Gustavsson Mahjani, Abraham Reichenberg, Sven Sandin, Joseph D. Buxbaum & Dorothy E. Grice

  2. Division of Tics, OCD and Related Disorders, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

    Behrang Mahjani & Dorothy E. Grice

  3. Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1230, New York, NY, 10029, USA

    Behrang Mahjani, Christina Gustavsson Mahjani, Abraham Reichenberg, Sven Sandin, Joseph D. Buxbaum & Dorothy E. Grice

  4. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

    Behrang Mahjani, Sven Sandin & Christina M. Hultman

  5. The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

    Abraham Reichenberg, Joseph D. Buxbaum & Dorothy E. Grice

  6. Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

    Joseph D. Buxbaum & Dorothy E. Grice

  7. Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

    Joseph D. Buxbaum

  8. Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

    Joseph D. Buxbaum

Authors
  1. Behrang Mahjani
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  2. Christina Gustavsson Mahjani
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  3. Abraham Reichenberg
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  4. Sven Sandin
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  5. Christina M. Hultman
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  6. Joseph D. Buxbaum
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  7. Dorothy E. Grice
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Contributions

BM had full access to all the data in the study and took responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.Study concept and design JDB, DEG, BM. Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data JDB, DEG, CGM, BM. Drafting of the manuscript JDB, DEG, CGM, BM. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content All authors. Statistical analysis CGM, BM. Obtained funding JDB, DEG. Study supervision JDB, DEG.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dorothy E. Grice.

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Conflict of interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.

Ethical approval

Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA, and the Regional Ethical Review Board in Stockholm, Sweden.

Consent to participate

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the EGOS study.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

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Mahjani, B., Gustavsson Mahjani, C., Reichenberg, A. et al. Psychometric properties of the Swedish translation of the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory-Revised and the population characteristics of the symptom dimensions of OCD. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 57, 2147–2155 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-022-02231-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-022-02231-z

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