Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Trajectories of depressive symptoms among young adults in Texas 2014–2018: a multilevel growth curve analysis using an intersectional lens

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Introduction

Research has demonstrated disparities in depressive symptoms among people who are marginalized. However, more work should examine depressive symptoms through an intersectional lens, recognizing that multiple systems of privilege and oppression interlock to create unique struggles where multiple marginalized identities meet. Recent methodological developments have advanced quantitative intersectionality research using multilevel modeling to partition variance in depressive symptoms to person-level sociodemographic variables and intersectional-level social strata. The purpose of this study is to leverage these methods to examine trajectories of depressive symptoms among young adults in Texas through an intersectional lens.

Methods

Multilevel modeling was used to examine the longitudinal trajectories of depressive symptoms among 3575 young adults from 24 colleges in Texas assessed seven times between Fall 2014 and Spring 2018. Intersectional identities included sex, race/ethnicity, and sexual and gender minority identities. The model examined time nested within individuals and individuals nested within intersectional social strata.

Results

Young adults in Texas experienced an increase in depressive symptoms from 2014–2018. Those with female, Hispanic, AAPI, other race/ethnicity, or LGBTQ + identities experienced more depressive symptoms. After controlling for the main effects of the sociodemographic variables, 0.08% of variance in depressive symptoms remained attributed to the effects of intersectional identities.

Conclusion

Evaluating disparities in depressive symptoms through an intersectional lens offers a more complete description of the epidemiology of depressive symptoms. Communities and institutions that serve marginalized people should consider the elevated burden of depressive symptoms that marginalized people may carry, and integrate culturally competent psychoeducation, assessments, and therapies where possible.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Collins PY et al (2011) Grand challenges in global mental health. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/475027a

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Ferrari AJ et al (2013) Burden of depressive disorders by country, sex, age, and year: findings from the global burden of disease study 2010. PLoS Med. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001547

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2019) Results from the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: detailed tables. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2018-nsduh-detailed-tables. Accessed 15 Jan 2021

  4. Arnett JJ, Žukauskienė R, Sugimura K (2014) The new life stage of emerging adulthood at ages 18–29 years: implications for mental health. Lancet Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00080-7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). Am Psychiatr Pub. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Ueno K, Krause A (2020) Occupational attainment and depressive symptoms in young adulthood. Stress Health. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2902

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Brazendale K et al (2017) Depressive symptoms are positively associated with time spent sedentary in healthy young US adults. Prog Prev Med. https://doi.org/10.1097/pp9.0000000000000004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Smith JP, Smith GC (2010) Long-term economic costs of psychological problems during childhood. Soc Sci Med. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.02.046

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Radloff LS (1977) The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Vilagut G, Forero CG, Barbaglia G, Alonso J (2016) Screening for depression in the general population with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D): a systematic review with meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155431

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. DeVellis RF (2016) Scale development: theory and applications, vol 26. Sage publications. http://lccn.loc.gov/2015043839

  12. Salk RH, Hyde JS, Abramson LY (2017) Gender differences in depression in representative national samples: meta-analyses of diagnoses and symptoms. Psychol Bull. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000102

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Bailey RK, Mokonogho J, Kumar A (2019) Racial and ethnic differences in depression: current perspectives. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S128584

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Kates J, Ranji U, Beamesderfer A, Salganicoff A, Dawson L (2018) Health and access to care and coverage for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals in the US Henry J Kaiser Family Foundation Issue Brief. http://files.kff.org/attachment/Issue-Brief-Health-and-Access-to-Care-and-Coverage-for-LGBT-Individuals-in-the-US. Accessed 15 Jan 2021

  15. Hyde JS, Mezulis AH, Abramson LY (2008) The ABCs of depression: integrating affective, biological, and cognitive models to explain the emergence of the gender difference in depression. Psychol Rev. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.115.2.291

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Overstreet C, Berenz EC, Kendler KS, Dick DM, Amstadter AB (2017) Predictors and mental health outcomes of potentially traumatic event exposure. Psychiatry Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.10.047

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Basile KC et al (2011) National intimate partner and sexual violence survey; 2010 summary report. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/nisvs_report2010-a.pdf. Accessed 15 Jan 2021

  18. Hill C, Kearl H (2011) Crossing the line: sexual harassment at school. American Association of University Women, Washington, DC. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED525785

  19. Homan P (2019) Structural sexism and health in the United States: a new perspective on health inequality and the gender system. Am Sociol Rev. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122419848723

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Hammen C (2005) Stress and depression. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143938

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Shavers VL, Fagan P, Jones D, Klein WM, Boyington J, Moten C, Rorie E (2012) The state of research on racial/ethnic discrimination in the receipt of health care. Am J Public Health. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300773

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Earnshaw VA, Rosenthal L, Carroll-Scott A, Santilli A, Gilstad-Hayden K, Ickovics JR (2016) Everyday discrimination and physical health: exploring mental health processes. J Health Psychol. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105315572456

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Bowleg L, Maria del Río-González A, Mbaba M, Boone CA, Holt SL (2020) Negative police encounters and police avoidance as pathways to depressive symptoms among US black men, 2015–2016. Am J Public Health. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2019.305460

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Hajnal Z, Lajevardi N, Nielson L (2017) Voter identification laws and the suppression of minority votes. J Polit. https://doi.org/10.1086/688343

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Ayón C, García SJ (2019) Latino immigrant parents’ experiences with discrimination: implications for parenting in a hostile immigration policy context. J Fam Issues. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X19827988

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Ellermann A (2020) Discrimination in migration and citizenship. J Ethn Migr Stud. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1561053

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Carter RT, Lau MY, Johnson V, Kirkinis K (2017) Racial discrimination and health outcomes among racial/ethnic minorities: a meta-analytic review. J Multicult Couns Dev. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmcd.12076

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Stephens B (2020) Where were the states? Same-sex marriage before Obergefell. International handbook on the demography of marriage and the family. Springer, Berlin, pp 273–284. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35079-6_18

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  29. Payne E, Smith M (2013) LGBTQ kids, school safety, and missing the big picture: How the dominant bullying discourse prevents school professionals from thinking about systemic marginalization or… why we need to rethink LGBTQ bullying. QED J GLBTQ Worldmak. https://doi.org/10.14321/qed.0001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Nadal KL (2019) A decade of microaggression research and LGBTQ communities: an introduction to the special issue. J Homosex. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2018.1539582

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Mink MD, Lindley LL, Weinstein AA (2014) Stress, stigma, and sexual minority status: the intersectional ecology model of LGBTQ health. J Gay Lesbian Soc Serv. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538720.2014.953660

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Russell ST, Fish JN (2016) Mental health in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093153

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Meyer IH (2003) Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychol Bull. https://doi.org/10.1037/2329-0382.1.S.3

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Clark R et al (1999) Racism as a stressor for African Americans: a biopsychosocial model. Am Psychol. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.54.10.805

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Crenshaw K (1989) Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: a black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, vol 1989, issue 1, Article 8. Available at: http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1989/iss1/8

  36. McCall L (2005) The complexity of intersectionality. Signs J Women Cult Soc. https://doi.org/10.1086/426800

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Bauer GR (2014) Incorporating intersectionality theory into population health research methodology: challenges and the potential to advance health equity. Soc Sci Med. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.03.022

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Bowleg L (2008) When Black + lesbian + woman ≠ black lesbian woman: the methodological challenges of qualitative and quantitative intersectionality research. Sex Roles. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-008-9400-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Patil PA, Porche MV, Shippen NA, Dallenbach NT, Fortuna LR (2018) Which girls, which boys? The intersectional risk for depression by race and ethnicity, and gender in the US. Clin Psychol Rev. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.12.003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Evans CR, Erickson N (2019) Intersectionality and depression in adolescence and early adulthood: a MAIHDA analysis of the national longitudinal study of adolescent to adult health, 1995–2008. Soc Sci Med. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.10.019

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Merlo J (2018) Multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy (MAIHDA) within an intersectional framework. Soc Sci Med. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.12.026

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Merlo J, Wagner P, Leckie G (2019) A simple multilevel approach for analysing geographical inequalities in public health reports: the case of municipality differences in obesity. Health Place. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102145

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Evans CR (2019) Adding interactions to models of intersectional health inequalities: comparing multilevel and conventional methods. Soc Sci Med. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.11.036

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Blair KL (2017) Did Secretary Clinton lose to a ‘basket of deplorables’? An examination of islamophobia, homophobia, sexism and conservative ideology in the 2016 US presidential election. Psychol Sex. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2017.1397051

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Bobo LD (2017) Racism in Trump’s America: reflections on culture, sociology, and the 2016 US presidential election. Br J Sociol. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12324

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Gonzalez KA, Pulice-Farrow L, Galupo MP (2018) “My aunt unfriended me:” narratives of GLBTQ family relationships post 2016 presidential election. J GLBT Fam Stud. https://doi.org/10.1080/1550428X.2017.1420845

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Gambrell K (Ed.) (2018) Interrogating the place of hate in the 2016 presidential campaign. J Hate Stud. https://jhs.press.gonzaga.edu/1/volume/14/issue/1/. Accessed 15 Jan 2021

  48. Sanchez JC (2018) Trump, the KKK, and the versatility of white supremacy rhetoric. J Contemp Rhetor. http://contemporaryrhetoric.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Sanchez8_1_2_4.pdf. Accessed 15 Jan 2021

  49. Bonilla-Silva E (2019) “Racists”, “Class Anxieties”, hegemonic racism, and democracy in Trump’s America. Soc Curr. https://doi.org/10.1177/2329496518804558

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Matthew DB (2020) Healing hate: a public health perspective on civil rights in America. VA J Soc Policy Law. http://vjspl.org/issue-27-1/. Accessed 15 Jan 2021

  51. Southern Poverty Law Center (2021) Hate map. https://www.splcenter.org/hate-map. Accessed 28 June 2021

  52. National Center for Education Statistics (2020) On-campus hate crimes at degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level and control of institution, type of crime, and category of bias motivating the crime: selected years, 2010 through 2018. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d20/tables/dt20_329.30.asp. Accessed 5 July 2021

  53. Loukas A et al (2016) College students’ polytobacco use, cigarette cessation, and dependence. Am J Health Behav. https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.40.4.13

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Creamer MR et al (2018) Longitudinal predictors of cigarette use among students from 24 Texas colleges. J Am Coll Health. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1431907

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Loukas A, Marti CN, Perry CL (2019) Trajectories of tobacco and nicotine use across young adulthood, Texas, 2014–2017. Am J Public Health. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304850

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Van Dam NT, Earleywine M (2011) Validation of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-Revised (CESD-R): pragmatic depression assessment in the general population. Psychiatry Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2010.08.018

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Evans CR, Williams DR, Onnela JP, Subramanian SV (2018) A multilevel approach to modeling health inequalities at the intersection of multiple social identities. Soc Sci Med. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.11.011

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. StataCorp LLC (2017) Stata statistical software: release 15. College Station, TX. https://www.stata.com

  59. Weinberger AH et al (2018) Trends in depression prevalence in the USA from 2005 to 2015: widening disparities in vulnerable groups. Psychol Med. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291717002781

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Bishop MD, Ioverno S, Russell ST (2021) Sexual minority youth’s mental health and substance use: the roles of victimization, cybervictimization, and non-parental adult support. Curr Psychol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01812-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Rouse SM, Ross AD (2018) The politics of millennials: political beliefs and policy preferences of America's most diverse generation. University of Michigan Press. https://muse.jhu.edu/book/60352

  62. Pew Research Center (2020) On the cusp of adulthood and facing an uncertain future: what we know about Gen Z So Far. https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/essay/on-the-cusp-of-adulthood-and-facing-an-uncertain-future-what-we-know-about-gen-z-so-far/. Accessed 15 Jan 2021

  63. Pew Research Center (2019) Generation Z looks a lot like millennials on key social and political issues. https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2019/01/17/generation-z-looks-a-lot-like-millennials-on-key-social-and-political-issues/. Accessed 15 Jan 2021

  64. Wu C, Chao RK (2011) Intergenerational cultural dissonance in parent–adolescent relationships among Chinese and European Americans. Dev Psychol. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021063

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Bámaca-Colbert MY, Umaña-Taylor AJ, Gayles JG (2012) A developmental-contextual model of depressive symptoms in Mexican-origin female adolescents. Dev Psychol. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025666

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Texas Legislature Online (2021) HB 3979: relating to the social studies curriculum in public schools. https://capitol.texas.gov/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=87R&Bill=HB3979. Accessed 28 June 2021

  67. Texas Legislature Online (2021) SB 8: relating to abortion, including abortions after detection of an unborn child's heartbeat; authorizing a private civil right of action. https://capitol.texas.gov/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=87R&Bill=SB8. Accessed 28 June 2021

  68. Texas Legislature Online (2021) SB 1311: relating to the provision of and professional liability insurance coverage for gender transitioning or gender reassignment medical procedures and treatments for certain children. https://capitol.texas.gov/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=87R&Bill=SB1311. Accessed 28 June 2021

  69. Texas Legislature Online (2021) SB 7: relating to election integrity and security, including by preventing fraud in the conduct of elections in this state; increasing criminal penalties; creating criminal offenses. https://capitol.texas.gov/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=87R&Bill=SB7. Accessed 28 June 2021

  70. Ballotpedia (2021) Party control of Texas state government. https://ballotpedia.org/Party_control_of_Texas_state_government. Accessed 28 june 2021

  71. Battiste m (2017) decolonizing education: nourishing the learning spirit. Ubc Press. https://www.ubcpress.ca/decolonizing-education

  72. Biggs MA, Upadhyay UD, McCulloch CE, Foster DG (2017) Women’s mental health and well-being 5 years after receiving or being denied an abortion: a prospective, longitudinal cohort study. JAMA Psychiat. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3478

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Ting HH, Brito JP, Montori VM (2014) Shared decision making: science and action. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.113.000288

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. van de Grift TC, Mullender MG, Bouman MB (2018) Shared decision making in gender-affirming surgery: implications for research and standards of care. J Sex Med. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.03.088

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Hing AK (2018) The right to vote, the right to health: voter suppression as a determinant of racial health disparities. J Health Dispar Res Pract. https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/jhdrp/vol12/iss6/5/

  76. Stotland NL (2017) Reproductive rights and women’s mental health. Psychiatr Clin North Am. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2017.01.010

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Almeida P, Chase-Dunn C (2018) Globalization and social movements. Annu Rev Sociol. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-073117-041307

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Levin B, Reitzel JD (2018) Report to the nation: hate crimes rise in US cities and counties in time of division and foreign interference. Center for the Study of Hate and Extremism; California State University, San Bernardino. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11990/975. Accessed 15 Jan 2021

  79. Noh S, Kaspar V (2003) Perceived discrimination and depression: moderating effects of coping, acculturation, and ethnic support. Am J Public Health. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.93.2.232

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Jefferson K, Neilands T, Sevelius J (2013) Transgender women of color: discrimination and depressive symptoms. Ethn Inequal Health Soc Care. https://doi.org/10.1108/eihsc-08-2013-0013

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  81. The GenIUS Group (2014) Best practices for asking questions to identify transgender and other gender minority respondents on population-based surveys. The Williams Institute, Los Angeles. https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/geniuss-trans-pop-based-survey/

  82. Suen LW et al (2020) What sexual and gender minority people want researchers to know about sexual orientation and gender identity questions: a qualitative study. Arch Sex Behav. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01810-y

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health [1 P50 CA180906, and 1 R01 CA249883-01A1], from the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the FDA Center for Tobacco Products (CTP). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) or the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Neither NIH nor FDA had any role in the study design, data collection, analysis, or writing of this paper. JH is supported by Grant number [T32HL140290] from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute at the Steve Hicks School of Social Work at the University of Texas at Austin, as well as Grant [P2CHD042849] awarded to the Population Research Center at The University of Texas at Austin by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, 2100 San Jacinto Blvd D3700, Austin, TX, 78712, USA

    Jacob E. Thomas, Keryn E. Pasch, C. Nathan Marti, Josephine T. Hinds & Alexandra Loukas

  2. Steve Hicks School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA

    Josephine T. Hinds

  3. School of Public Health in Austin, UTHealth Science Center in Houston, Austin, TX, USA

    Anna V. Wilkinson

Authors
  1. Jacob E. Thomas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Keryn E. Pasch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. C. Nathan Marti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Josephine T. Hinds
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Anna V. Wilkinson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Alexandra Loukas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Keryn E. Pasch.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Thomas, J.E., Pasch, K.E., Marti, C.N. et al. Trajectories of depressive symptoms among young adults in Texas 2014–2018: a multilevel growth curve analysis using an intersectional lens. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 57, 749–760 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-022-02217-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-022-02217-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation