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Maternal prenatal stress and postnatal depressive symptoms: discrepancy between mother and teacher reports of toddler psychological problems

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Abstract

Purpose

Maternal prenatal stress and postnatal depression are reported to increase the risk for early offspring psychological problems. We examined whether these two stressors predicted toddler emotional or behavioral problems based on the mother and teacher reports, respectively.

Methods

A longitudinal study within the Odense Child Cohort (OCC). Prenatal stress was assessed (gestation week 28) using Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Depressive symptoms were assessed (3 months after birth) using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Behavioral and emotional problems were assessed by mothers using the preschool version of Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) and by teachers using the caregiver–teacher report form (CTR-F).

Results

N = 1302 mother–child dyads were included. CBCL (N = 1302) was collected at 29 months (SD 5.3) and C-TRF (N = 989) at 32.6 months (SD 6.9). N = 70 mothers (5.4%) were at high risk for postnatal depression (EPDS score > 12). Generalized additive models showed that prenatal stress (increase of + 1 on PSS-10 total score) predicted an increase in CBCL (+ 0.011) and C-TRF (+ 0.015) total scores. Postnatal depressive symptoms (increase of + 1 on EPDS total score) only predicted an increase in CBCL total score (+ 0.026).

Conclusion

Prenatal maternal stress was a significant predictor of both mother and teacher reported toddler emotional and behavioral problems, although effect sizes were small. Postnatal depressive symptoms were associated with increased maternal (but not teacher) reporting of toddler problems. Mothers reported more toddler psychological problems than teachers, and the mother–teacher discrepancy was positively correlated to maternal postnatal depressive symptoms.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank all the families involved in the Odense Child Cohort (OCC). It is due to the unique and ongoing contribution of children and mothers of the OCC that this study has been achievable. The authors also thank the midwifes for their help in recruitment and data collection and the OCC staff.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Unit of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Institute for Clinical Research, Mental Health Services in the Region of Southern Denmark, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

    R. Wesselhoeft, K. Davidsen & N. Bilenberg

  2. Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

    R. Wesselhoeft

  3. Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

    K. Davidsen

  4. Research Unit of E-Mental Health, Mental Health Services in the Region of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

    C. Sibbersen

  5. Hans Christian Andersen Children’s Hospital, University of Southern Denmark and Odense Patient Data Explorative Network (OPEN), Odense, Denmark

    H. Kyhl

  6. Division of Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, USA

    A. Talati

  7. Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

    M. S. Andersen

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  1. R. Wesselhoeft
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  2. K. Davidsen
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  3. C. Sibbersen
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  4. H. Kyhl
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  5. A. Talati
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  6. M. S. Andersen
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  7. N. Bilenberg
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to R. Wesselhoeft.

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Conflict of interest

The study was funded by Stryhns Holding A/S and the Danish National Board of Social Services. Financial grants for the OCC were supported by the Odense University Hospital, the Region of Southern Denmark, the Municipality of Odense, the Mental Health Service of the Region of Southern Denmark, Ronald McDonald Children Foundation, Odense Patient data Exploratory Network (OPEN), and the Health Foundation (Helsefonden). The funders had no involvement in any aspect of the study. The authors report no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

The study was carried out in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration II and was approved by the Regional Scientific Ethics Committee, Southern Denmark (No. 20090130) and the Danish Data Protection Agency (J. Nr. 18/9641).

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Wesselhoeft, R., Davidsen, K., Sibbersen, C. et al. Maternal prenatal stress and postnatal depressive symptoms: discrepancy between mother and teacher reports of toddler psychological problems. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 56, 559–570 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-020-01964-z

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