Abstract
Purpose
The current longitudinal study examines the temporal association between different types of intimate partner violence (IPV) at early adulthood (21 years) and subsequent depression and anxiety disorders in young adulthood (30 years).
Methods
Participants were from the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy. A cohort of 1529 was available for analysis. IPV was measured using the Composite Abuse Scale at 21 years. At the 21 and 30-year follow-ups, major depression disorder and anxiety disorders were measured using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview.
Results
We found a temporal relationship between almost all forms of IPV at 21 years and females’ new cases of major depression disorder at 30 years. This association was not found for females who had previously been diagnosed with depression disorder. IPV did not predict the onset of new anxiety disorders, but it had a robust association with anxiety disorders in females with a previous anxiety diagnosis. We observed no significant link between IPV and males’ subsequent major depression disorder. Interestingly, the experience of emotional abuse was a robust predictor of new cases of anxiety disorders but only for males.
Conclusion
Our results suggest the need for sex-specific and integrated interventions addressing both IPV and mental health problems simultaneously. IPV interventions should be informed by the extend to which pre-existing anxiety and depression may lead to different psychological responses to the IPV experience. Increased risk of anxiety disorders predicted by emotional abuse experienced by males challenges beliefs about invulnerability of men in the abusive relationships and demands further attention.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The data set(s) used in this article is available on request from the MUSP.
References
Campbell JC (2002) Health consequences of intimate partner violence. Lancet 359(9314):1331–1336
Plichta SB (2004) Intimate partner violence and physical health consequences: policy and practice implications. J Interpers Violence 19(11):1296–1323
Iverson KM, Dardis CM, Pogoda TK (2017) Traumatic brain injury and PTSD symptoms as a consequence of intimate partner violence. Compr Psychiatry 74:80–87
Ansara DL, Hindin MJ (2011) Psychosocial consequences of intimate partner violence for women and men in Canada. J Interpers Violence 26(8):1628–1645
Sugg N (2015) Intimate partner violence: prevalence, health consequences, and intervention. Med Clin North Am 99(3):629–649
Ellsberg M, Jansen HAFM, Heise L, Watts CH, Garcia-Moreno C (2008) Intimate partner violence and women's physical and mental health in the WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence: an observational study. Lancet 371(9619):1165–1172
Golding JM (1999) Intimate partner violence as a risk factor for mental disorders: a meta-analysis. J Fam Violence 14(2):99–132
Beydoun HA, Beydoun MA, Kaufman JS, Lo B, Zonderman AB (2012) Intimate partner violence against adult women and its association with major depressive disorder, depressive symptoms and postpartum depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Soc Sci Med 75(6):959–975
Bacchus LJ, Ranganathan M, Watts C, Devries K (2018) Recent intimate partner violence against women and health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. BMJ Open 8(7):e019995
Adam EK, Chyu L, Hoyt LT, Doane LD, Boisjoly J, Duncan GJ et al (2011) Adverse adolescent relationship histories and young adult health: cumulative effects of loneliness, low parental support, relationship instability, intimate partner violence, and loss. J Adolesc Health 49(3):278–286
Zlotnick C, Johnson DM, Kohn R (2006) Intimate partner violence and long-term psychosocial functioning in a national sample of American women. J Interpers Violence 21(2):262–275
Chowdhary N, Patel V (2008) The effect of spousal violence on women's health: findings from the Stree Arogya Shodh in Goa India. J Postgrad Med 54(4):306–312
Lindhorst T, Oxford M (2008) The long-term effects of intimate partner violence on adolescent mothers' depressive symptoms. Soc Sci Med 66(6):1322–1333
Kim J, Lee J (2013) Prospective study on the reciprocal relationship between intimate partner violence and depression among women in Korea. Soc Sci Med 99:42–48
Davidson SK, Dowrick CF, Gunn JM (2016) Impact of functional and structural social relationships on two year depression outcomes: A multivariate analysis. J Affect Disord 193:274–281
Chuang CH, Cattoi AL, McCall-Hosenfeld JS, Camacho F, Dyer AM, Weisman CS (2012) Longitudinal association of intimate partner violence and depressive symptoms. Mental Health Fam Med 9(2):107–114
Ouellet-Morin I, Fisher HL, York-Smith M, Fincham-Campbell S, Moffitt TE, Arseneault L (2015) Intimate partner violence and new-onset depression: a longitudinal study of women's childhood and adult histories of abuse. Depress Anxiety 32(5):316–324
Suglia SF, Duarte CS, Sandel MT (2011) Housing quality, housing instability, and maternal mental health. J Urban Health 88(6):1105–1116
Ehrensaft MK, Moffitt TE, Caspi A (2006) Is domestic violence followed by an increased risk of psychiatric disorders among women but not among men? A longitudinal cohort study. Am J Psychiatry 163(5):885–892
Capaldi DM, Knoble NB, Shortt JW, Kim HK (2012) A systematic review of risk factors for intimate partner violence. Partner Abuse 3(2):231–280
Chang DF, Shen BJ, Takeuchi DT (2009) Prevalence and demographic correlates of intimate partner violence in Asian Americans. Int J Law Psychiatry 32(3):167–175
Shortt JW, Capaldi DM, Kim HK, Kerr DC, Owen LD, Feingold A (2012) Stability of intimate partner violence by men across 12 years in young adulthood: effects of relationship transitions. Prev Sci 13(4):360–369
Taris TW, Kompier MAJ (2014) Cause and effect: optimizing the designs of longitudinal studies in occupational health psychology. Work Stress 28(1):1–8
Howard LM, Trevillion K, Khalifeh H, Woodall A, Agnew-Davies R, Feder G (2010) Domestic violence and severe psychiatric disorders: prevalence and interventions. Psychol Med 40(6):881–893
Khalifeh H, Oram S, Osborn D, Howard LM, Johnson S (2016) Recent physical and sexual violence against adults with severe mental illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Rev Psychiatry 28(5):433–451
Trevillion K, Oram S, Feder G, Howard LM (2012) Experiences of domestic violence and mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 7(12):e51740
Van Deinse TB, Macy RJ, Cuddeback GS, Allman AJ (2018) Intimate partner violence and sexual assault among women with serious mental illness: a review of prevalence and risk factors. J Soc Work 19(6):789–828
Dobash RE, Dobash R (1979) Violence against wives: a case against the patriarchy. Free Press, New York
Hester M, Kelly L, Radford J (1996) Women, violence, and male power: feminist activism, research, and practice. Open University Press, Buckingham
Yodanis CL (2004) Gender inequality, violence against women, and fear: a cross-national test of the feminist theory of violence against women. J Interpers Violence 19(6):655–675
Straus MA (2011) Gender symmetry and mutuality in perpetration of clinical-level partner violence: empirical evidence and implications for prevention and treatment. Aggress Violent Behav 16(4):279–288
Straus MA, Ramirez IL (2007) Gender symmetry in prevalence, severity, and chronicity of physical aggression against dating partners by university students in Mexico and USA. Aggress Behav 33(4):281–290
Straus MA (1979) Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: The conflict tactics (CT) scales. J Marriage Fam 41:75–88
Anderson KL (2005) Theorizing gender in intimate partner violence research. Sex Roles 52(11–12):853–865
Walby S, Allen J (2004) Domestic violence, sexual assault and stalking: findings from the British Crime Survey: Home Office
Temple JR, Weston R, Marshall LL (2005) Physical and mental health outcomes of women in nonviolent, unilaterally violent, and mutually violent relationships. Violence Vict 20(3):335–359
Najman JM, Bor W, O'Callaghan M, Williams GM, Aird R, Shuttlewood G (2005) Cohort profile: The Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP). Int J Epidemiol 34(5):992–997
World Health Organization (1997) Composite international diagnostic interview (CIDI-AUTO). WHO, Geneva
Rietveld L, Lagro-Janssen T, Vierhout M, Lo Fo Wong S (2010) Prevalence of intimate partner violence at an out-patient clinic obstetrics-gynecology in the Netherlands. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 31(1):3–9
Lokhmatkina NV, Kuznetsova OY, Feder GS (2010) Prevalence and associations of partner abuse in women attending Russian general practice. Fam Pract 27(6):625–631
American Psychiatric Association (2000) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-IV-TR. American Psychiatric Association, Washington
Spanier GB (1976) Measuring dyadic adjustment: New scales for assessing the quality of marriage and similar dyads. J Marriage Fam 38:15–28
Bedford A, Foulds GA, Sheffield BF (1976) A new personal disturbance scale (DSSI/sAD). Br J Soc Clin Psychol 15(4):387–394
Beal S, Kupzyk K (2014) An Introduction to propensity scores: what, when, and how. J Early Adolesc 34:66–92
Minor KL, Champion JE, Gotlib IH (2005) Stability of DSM-IV criterion symptoms for major depressive disorder. J Psychiatr Res 39(4):415–420
Valdez CE, Lim BH, Lilly MM (2013) “It’s going to make the whole tower crooked”: victimization trajectories in IPV. J Fam Violence 28(2):131–140
Farmer AS, Kashdan TB (2015) Stress sensitivity and stress generation in social anxiety disorder: a temporal process approach. J Abnorm Psychol 124(1):102–114
Chaplin TM, Hong K, Bergquist K, Sinha R (2008) Gender differences in response to emotional stress: an assessment across subjective, behavioral, and physiological domains and relations to alcohol craving. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 32(7):1242–1250
Pimlott-Kubiak S, Cortina LM (2003) Gender, victimization, and outcomes: reconceptualizing risk. J Consult Clin Psychol 71(3):528–539
Romito P, Grassi M (2007) Does violence affect one gender more than the other? The mental health impact of violence among male and female university students. Soc Sci Med 65(6):1222–1234
Weston R, Temple JR, Marshall LL (2005) Gender symmetry and asymmetry in violent relationships: patterns of mutuality among racially diverse women. Sex Roles 53(7):553–571
Ahmadabadi Z, Najman JM, Williams GM, Clavarino AM, d'Abbs P (2017) Gender differences in intimate partner violence in current and prior relationships. J Interpers Violence. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517730563
Coker AL, Davis KE, Arias I, Desai S, Sanderson M, Brandt HM et al (2002) Physical and mental health effects of intimate partner violence for men and women. Am J Prev Med 23(4):260–268
Howard LM, Trevillion K, Agnew-Davies R (2010) Domestic violence and mental health. Int Rev Psychiatry 22(5):525–534
Taft CT, Murphy CM, King LA, Dedeyn JM, Musser PH (2005) Posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology among partners of men in treatment for relationship abuse. J Abnorm Psychol 114(2):259–268
Street AE, Arias I (2001) Psychological abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder in battered women: examining the roles of shame and guilt. Violence Vict 16(1):65–78
Kemp A, Green BL, Hovanitz C, Rawlings EI (1995) Incidence and correlates of posttraumatic-stress-disorder in battered women—shelter and community samples. J Interpers Violence 10(1):43–55
Zimmerman J, Morrison AS, Heimberg RG (2015) Social anxiety, submissiveness, and shame in men and women: a moderated mediation analysis. Br J Clin Psychol 54(1):1–15
Najman JM, Alati R, Bor W, Clavarino A, Mamun A, McGrath JJ et al (2015) Cohort profile update: the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP). Int J Epidemiol 44(1):78
Perry AR, Fromuth ME (2005) Courtship violence using couple data: characteristics and perceptions. J Interpers Violence 20(9):1078–1095
Coker AL, Smith PH, McKeown RE, King MJ (2000) Frequency and correlates of intimate partner violence by type: physical, sexual, and psychological battering. Am J Public Health 90(4):553–559
Krebs C, Breiding MJ, Browne A, Warner T (2011) The association between different types of intimate partner violence experienced by women. J Fam Violence 26(6):487–500
Saiepour N, Najman JM, Ware R, Baker P, Clavarino AM, Williams GM (2019) Does attrition affect estimates of association: a longitudinal study. J Psychiatr Res 110:127–142
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the MUSP research team, the Schools of Public Health and Social Sciences (The University of Queensland), and also the Research Training Program of the Australian Government and the University of Queensland for sponsorship.
Funding
This study was funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council and Australian Research Council (NHMRC grant #1009460). The principal author is in receipt of “the Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship” and “the University of Queensland Centennial Scholarship”.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Ethics approval
The Mater Hospital and University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) in Australia has been approved by the Human Ethics Review Committee of the University of Queensland. Additional approval granted from the Human Ethics Research Office of the University of Queensland (Clearance number 2017001622) to undertake the present study. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants of the study.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ahmadabadi, Z., Najman, J.M., Williams, G.M. et al. Intimate partner violence and subsequent depression and anxiety disorders. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 55, 611–620 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-019-01828-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-019-01828-1