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Prevalence of PTSD and common mental disorders amongst ambulance personnel: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology volume 53, pages 897–909 (2018)Cite this article

Abstract

Purpose

There is increasing concern regarding the mental health impact of first responder work, with some reports suggesting ambulance personnel may be at particularly high risk. Through this systematic review and meta-analysis we aimed to determine the prevalence of mental health conditions among ambulance personnel worldwide.

Methods

A systematic search and screening process was conducted to identify studies for inclusion in the review. To be eligible, studies had to report original quantitative data on the prevalence of at least one of the following mental health outcome(s) of interest (PTSD, depression, anxiety, general psychological distress) for ambulance personnel samples. Quality of the studies was assessed using a validated methodological rating tool. Random effects modelling was used to estimate pooled prevalence, as well as subgroup analyses and meta-regressions for five variables implicated in heterogeneity.

Results

In total, 941 articles were identified across all sources, with 95 full-text articles screened to confirm eligibility. Of these, 27 studies were included in the systematic review, reporting on a total of 30,878 ambulance personnel. A total of 18 studies provided necessary quantitative information and were retained for entry in the meta-analysis. The results demonstrated estimated prevalence rates of 11% for PTSD, 15% for depression, 15% for anxiety, and 27% for general psychological distress amongst ambulance personnel, with date of data collection a significant influence upon observed heterogeneity.

Conclusion

Ambulance personnel worldwide have a prevalence of PTSD considerably higher than rates seen in the general population, although there is some evidence that rates of PTSD may have decreased over recent decades.

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Acknowledgements

The systematic review reported in this study was funded by Ambulance Victoria in collaboration with Phoenix Australia. SBH, JMS, AG and MD are supported by funding from NSW Health and the iCare Foundation. This project also benefited from funding from beyondblue and the Movember Foundation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Hospital Road, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia

    Katherine Petrie, Josie Milligan-Saville, Mark Deady & Samuel B. Harvey

  2. School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Katherine Petrie, Josie Milligan-Saville, Aimée Gayed, Mark Deady & Samuel B. Harvey

  3. Phoenix Australia, Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Carlton, VIC, Australia

    Andrea Phelps, Lisa Dell & David Forbes

  4. Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia

    Andrea Phelps, Lisa Dell & David Forbes

  5. School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Richard A. Bryant

  6. School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Rafael A. Calvo

  7. Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Nicholas Glozier

Authors
  1. Katherine Petrie
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  2. Josie Milligan-Saville
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  3. Aimée Gayed
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  4. Mark Deady
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  6. Lisa Dell
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  7. David Forbes
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  8. Richard A. Bryant
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  11. Samuel B. Harvey
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Contributions

SBH and KP conceptualized the study, KP and JMS undertook search and screening processes, KP completed data extraction, KP and SBH carried out statistical analysis, and wrote subsequent versions of the manuscript. All other authors reviewed and approved the final submission.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Samuel B. Harvey.

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Petrie, K., Milligan-Saville, J., Gayed, A. et al. Prevalence of PTSD and common mental disorders amongst ambulance personnel: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 53, 897–909 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-018-1539-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-018-1539-5

Keywords

  • Ambulance personnel
  • Emergency services
  • Paramedic
  • Common mental disorder
  • Meta-analysis
  • Post-traumatic stress disorder
  • Prevalence