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Child mental health and maternal depression history in Pakistan

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Abstract

Purpose

We address the significant gaps in knowledge of prevalence and correlates of child mental health (CMH) problems outside of high income countries. We describe the prevalence of CMH problems and their correlates with a focus on the association with maternal depression in a sample of seven-year-old children in rural Pakistan.

Methods

This study was nested in a long-term follow-up of a perinatal depression intervention together with a reference group of non-depressed women, yielding a population representative sample. The Total Difficulties (TD) and component scores of the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) were used to measure emotional and behavioral difficulties.

Results

The mean SDQ TD score was 10.6 (standard deviation = 8.3), with 12.5 % of children categorized as “abnormal” using standard cutoffs. Boys had a roughly 1 point higher (worse) SDQ TD score than girls (p value = 0.04). Children of mothers who were depressed prenatally as well as currently had SDQ TD scores 2.87 points higher than children whose mothers were not depressed at either time point (p value < 0.01). This association was stronger for boys. There was no evidence of elevated SDQ TD score among children whose mothers were depressed only prenatally or only currently. Some deviations from this pattern were observed with specific components of the SDQ.

Conclusions

In this low resource, South Asian setting, we found evidence of elevated levels of emotional and behavioral problems, highlighting the need for effective interventions. Given the strong association of CMH with maternal depression, any intervention efforts should give strong consideration to maternal mental health.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by Grand Challenges Canada (GCC#0058-03), Government of Canada, under the Saving Brains programme. We thank Jill Ahs for her contribution to the project-planning phase, writing of the proposal, and gathering and developing methods for data collection. We are especially grateful to the study participants who gave their and their children’s time to be interviewed.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA

    Joanna Maselko & Lauren Franz

  2. Human Development Research Foundation, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Siham Sikander & Omer Bangash

  3. University of Essex, Colchester, UK

    Sonia Bhalotra

  4. Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA

    Joanna Maselko, Lauren Franz, Nima Ganga, Divya Guru Rajan & Karen O’Donnell

  5. University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

    Atif Rahman

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  1. Joanna Maselko
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Maselko, J., Sikander, S., Bangash, O. et al. Child mental health and maternal depression history in Pakistan. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 51, 49–62 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-015-1143-x

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