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Risk and protective factors for psychological distress among adolescents: a family study in the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study

Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology volume 47, pages 771–782 (2012)Cite this article

Abstract

Purpose

The study aimed to investigate potential adolescent and parental psychosocial risk and protective factors for psychological distress among adolescents and, in addition, to examine potential gender and age differences in the effects of risk factors on adolescent psychological distress.

Methods

Data were collected among 8,984 Norwegian adolescents (13–19 years) and their parents in the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT). The outcome measure was psychological distress (SCL-5).

Results

Bivariate regression analysis with generalized estimating equation (GEE) model showed that all parental self-reported variables (mental distress, substance use, social network, economic problems, unemployment and family structure) and adolescents’ self-reported variables (leisure activities, social support from friends, school-related problems and substance use) were significantly associated with psychological distress among adolescents. Results revealed that in a multiple regression analysis with a GEE model, adolescent psychosocial variables, specifically academic-related problems and being bullied at school, emerged as the strongest predictors of psychological distress among adolescents after controlling for age, gender, and all parental and adolescent variables. The following psychosocial risk factors were significantly more important for girl’s psychological distress compared to boys: problems with academic achievement, conduct problems in school, frequency of being drunk, smoking, dissatisfaction in school, living alone and seen parents being drunk.

Conclusion

Academic achievement and being bullied at school were the psychosocial factors most strongly associated with psychological distress among adolescents. Parental factors had an indirect effect on adolescent psychological distress, through adolescents’ psychosocial factors.

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Acknowledgments

The Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (The HUNT Study), from which the data were made available, is a collaboration between HUNT Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Nord-Trøndelag County Council and Norwegian Institute of Public Health. This study was supported by grants from the Research Council of Norway.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Author information

Affiliations

  1. Division of Mental Health, Department of Children and Adolescents, Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, 0403, Oslo, Norway

    Ingri Myklestad

  2. Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, 0403, Oslo, Norway

    Espen Røysamb & Kristian Tambs

  3. Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1072, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway

    Espen Røysamb

Authors
  1. Ingri Myklestad
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  2. Espen Røysamb
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Correspondence to Ingri Myklestad.

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Myklestad, I., Røysamb, E. & Tambs, K. Risk and protective factors for psychological distress among adolescents: a family study in the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 47, 771–782 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-011-0380-x

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Keywords

  • Adolescence
  • Psychological distress
  • Psychosocial factors
  • Risk factors
  • School problems