Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Predicting long-term recovery from depression in community settings in Western Europe: evidence from ODIN

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Objective

To test the impact of socio-economic and psychological adversity and healthcare on long-term recovery from depression.

Method

A community sample of 347 people with depressive disorders was followed up after 9 years. Baseline socio-economic adversity, social support, healthcare use, and psychiatric history were identified. Respondents completed self-report instruments on current depressive status (Beck depression inventory) and longstanding psychosocial adversity (sexual, physical or emotional abuse). Univariate analyses tested for association between recovery and respondent characteristics.

Results

Follow-up was achieved for 182 (52%) of the sample, of whom 75 (41%) indicated recovery from depression. Psychological adversity definitely and socio-economic adversity probably were associated with lack of recovery. Baseline healthcare had no apparent impact on outcome. Rurality and support after life events were associated with recovery. History of depression was associated with non-recovery.

Conclusion

Psychological adversity is, and socio-economic adversity may be, associated with long-term non-recovery from depression in community settings.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Ayuso-Mateos JL, Vazquez-Barquero JL, Dowrick C, Lehtinen V, Dalgard OS, Casey P, Wilkinson C, Lasa L, Page H, Dunn G, Wilkinson G, ODIN Group (2001) Depressive disorders in Europe: prevalence figures from the ODIN study. Br J Psychiatry 179:308–316

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Beck A, Ward C, Mendelson M, Moch J, Erbaugh J (1961) An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 4:561–571

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Bifulco A, Brown G, Adler Z (1991) Early sexual abuse and clinical depression in adult life. Br J Psychiatry 159:115–122

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Bifulco A, Brown GW, Moran P, Ball C, Campbell C (1998) Predicting depression in women: the role of past and present vulnerability. Psychol Med 28:39–50

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Casey P, Birbeck G, McDonagh C, Horgan A, Dowrick C, Dalgard O, Lethinen V, Ayuso-Mateos JL, Dunn G, Page H, Wilkinson C, Wilkinson G, Vazquez-Barquero JL, ODIN Group (2004) Personality disorder, depression and functioning: results from the ODIN study. J Affect Disord 82:277–283

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Chisholm D, Diehr P, Knapp M, Patrick D, Treglia M, Simon G, LIDO Group (2003) Depression status, medical co-morbidity, and resource costs: evidence from an international study of major depression in primary care (LIDO). Br J Psychiatry 183:121–131

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Conradi H, de Jonge P, Ormel J (2008) Prediction of the three-year course of recurrent depression in primary care patients: different risk factors for different outcomes. J Affect Disord 105:267–271

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Dalgard OS, Dowrick C, Lehtinen V, Vazquez-Barquero JL, Casey P, Wilkinson G, Ayuso-Mateos JL, Page H, Dunn G, ODIN Group (2006) Negative life events, social support and gender difference in depression. A multinational community survey with data from the ODIN study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 41:444–451

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Dowrick C, Casey P, Dalgard O, Hosman C, Lehtinen V, Vázquez-Barquero JL, Wilkinson G, ODIN Group (1998) Outcomes of Depression International Network (ODIN). Background, methods and field trials. Br J Psychiatry 172:359–363

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Dowrick C, Dunn G, Ayuso-Mateos JL, Dalgard OS, Page H, Lehtinen V, Casey P, Wilkinson C, Vazquez-Barquero JL, Wilkinson G (2000) Problem-solving treatment and group psycho-education for depression: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. BMJ 321:1450–1454

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Dowrick C (2004) Beyond Depression: a new approach to understanding and management. Oxford, Oxford University Press

    Google Scholar 

  12. Drossman D, Lesserman J, Nachman G (1990) Sexual and physical abuse in women with functional or organic gastrointestinal disorders. Ann Int Med 113:828–833

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Fergusson D, Horwood L, Lynskey M (1996) Childhood sexual abuse and psychiatric disorder in young adulthood. II. Psychiatric outcomes of childhood sexual abuse. J Am Acad Child Adolescent Psychiat 34:1365–1374

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Finkelhor D, Hotaling G, Lewis IA, Smith C (1990) Sexual abuse in a national survey of adult men and women: prevalence, characteristics and risk factors. Child Abuse Negl 14:19–28

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Henderson D, Hargreaves I, Gregory S, Williams JM (2002) Autobiographical memory and emotion in a non-clinical sample of women with and without a reported history of childhood sexual abuse. Br J Clin Psychol 41:129–141

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Hill J, Davis R, Byatt M, Burnside E, Rollinson L, Fear S (2000) Childhood sexual abuse and affective symptoms in women: a general population study. Psychol Med 30:1283–1291

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Hill J, Pickles A, Burnside E, Byatt M, Rollinson L, Davis R, Harvey K (2001) Child sexual abuse, poor parental care and adult depression: evidence for different mechanisms. Br J Psychiatry 179:104–109

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Janzing JG, de Graaf R, ten Have M, Vollebergh WA, Verhagen M, Buitelaar JK (2009) Familiality of depression in the community; associations with gender and phenotype of major depressive disorder. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 44:1067–1074

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Keller M, Lavori P, Mueller T, Endicott J, Coryell W, Hirschfeld RM, Shea T (1992) Time to recovery, chronicity, and levels of psychopathology in major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49:809–816

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. King M, Weich S, Torres-González F, Svab I, Maaroos HI, Neeleman J, Xavier M, Morris R, Walker C, Bellón-Saameño JA, Moreno-Küstner B, Rotar D, Rifel J, Aluoja A, Kalda R, Geerlings MI, Carraça I, de Almeida MC, Vicente B, Saldivia S, Rioseco P, Nazareth I (2006) Prediction of depression in European general practice attendees: the PREDICT study. BMC Public Health 6:6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Knapp M, Beecham J (1993) Reduced List Costings: examination of an informed short cut in mental health research. Health Econ 2:313–332

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Lasa L, Ayuso-Mateos JL, Vázquez-Barquero JL, Díez-Manrique FJ, Dowrick CF (2000) Predictive value of Beck’s Depression Inventory in the general population. J Affect Disord 57:261–265

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Lamberg T, Virtanen P, Vahtera J, Luukkaala T, Koskenvuo M (2009) Unemployment, depressiveness and disability retirement: a follow-up study of the Finnish HeSSup population sample. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol Jun 4 [Epub ahead of print]

  24. Lazary J, Lazary A, Gonda X, Benko A, Molnar E, Juhasz G, Bagdy G (2008) New evidence for the association of the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) haplotypes, threatening life events, and depressive phenotype. Biol Psychiatry 64:498–504

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Lehtinen V, Michalak E, Wilkinson C, Dowrick C, Ayuso-Mateos JL, Dalgard OS, Casey P, Vázquez-Barquero JL, Wilkinson G, ODIN Group (2003) Urban-rural differences in the occurrence of depressive disorder in Europe: evidence from the ODIN study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 38:283–289

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Macintyre S, Ellaway A, Der G, Ford G, Hunt K (1998) Are housing tenure and car access simply markers of income or self-esteem? A Scottish Study. J Epidemiol Comm Health 52:657–664

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Macintyre S, Ellaway A, Hiscock R, Kearns A, Der G, McKay L (2003) What features of the home and the area might help to explain observed relationships between housing tenure and health? Evidence from the West of Scotland. Health Place 9:207–218

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Mattisson C, Bogren M, Horstmann V, Munk-Jörgensen P, Nettelbladt P (2007) The long-term course of depressive disorders in the Lundby Study. Psychol Med 37:883–891

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Mercer S, Watt G (2007) The inverse care law: clinical primary care encounters in deprived and affluent areas of Scotland. Ann Family Med 5:503–510

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Moser K (2001) Inequalities in treated heart disease and mental illness in England and Wales 1994–1998. Br J Gen Practice 51:438–444

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Moussavi S, Chatterji S, Verdes E, Tandon A, Patel V, Ustun B (2007) Depression, chronic diseases, and decrements in health: results from the World Health Surveys. Lancet 370:851–858

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Reading R, Reynolds S (2001) Debt, social disadvantage and maternal depression. Soc Sci Med 53:441–453

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Rubenstein L, Rayburn N, Keeler E, Ford D, Rost K, Sherbourne C (2007) Predicting outcomes of primary care patients with major depression: development of a depression prognosis index. Psychiatr Serv 58:1049–1056

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Rutter M, Maughan B (1997) Psychosocial adversities in childhood and adult psychopathology. J Pers Disord 11:4–18

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Schilling E, Aseltine R, Gore S (2007) Adverse childhood experiences and mental health in young adults: a longitudinal survey. BMC Public Health 7:30

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Simon G, Ormel J, VonKorff M, Barlow W (1995) Health care costs associated with depressive and anxiety disorders in primary care. Am J Psychiatry 152:352–357

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Thornicroft G, Sartorius N (1993) The course and outcome of depression in different cultures: 10 year follow up of the WHO collaborative study on the outcome of depressive disorders. Psychol Med 23:1023–1032

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Tyrer P, Alexander J (1979) Classification of personality disorder. Br J Psychiatry 135:163–167

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. van Weel-Baumgarten E, Schers H, van den Bosch W, van den Hoogen HJ, Zitman FG (2000) Long-term follow-up of depression among patients in the community and in family practice settings: a systematic review. J Family Pract 49:1113–1120

    Google Scholar 

  40. Weich S, Lewis G (1998) Poverty, unemployment and common mental disorders: population based cohort study. BMJ 317:115–119

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. World Health Organisation (1994) Schedule for clinical assessment in neuropsychiatry: version 2.0. WHO (Division of Mental Health), Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  42. Yiend J, Paykel E, Merritt R, Lester K, Doll H, Burns T (2009) Long term outcome of primary care depression. J Affect Disord 118:79–86

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge Mersey Primary Care R&D Consortium for funding; Carol Hughes, Amir Niazi and Britta Sohlman for data collection.

Conflict of interest statement

This study did not in any way involve pharmaceutical companies or other private enterprises.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Population, Community and Behavioural Sciences, University of Liverpool, Whelan Building, Liverpool, L69 3GB, UK

    Christopher Dowrick, H. Page, P. Salmon & M. Whitehead

  2. Centre for Public Health Research, University of Salford, Salford, UK

    C. Shiels

  3. Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain

    J. L. Ayuso-Mateos

  4. Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain

    J. L. Ayuso-Mateos

  5. Department of Psychiatry, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

    P. Casey

  6. National Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway

    O. S. Dalgard

  7. Health Sciences Research Group, School of Community Based Medicine, University of Manchester Medical School, Manchester, UK

    G. Dunn

  8. National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health, Turku, Finland

    V. Lehtinen

Authors
  1. Christopher Dowrick
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. C. Shiels
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. H. Page
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. J. L. Ayuso-Mateos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. P. Casey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. O. S. Dalgard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. G. Dunn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. V. Lehtinen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. P. Salmon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. M. Whitehead
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christopher Dowrick.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Dowrick, C., Shiels, C., Page, H. et al. Predicting long-term recovery from depression in community settings in Western Europe: evidence from ODIN. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 46, 119–126 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-009-0179-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-009-0179-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation