Abstract
Aims
The study investigated the associations between mental health and measures of community support, social support networks, sense of place, adversity, and perceived problems in a rural Australian population. There was a specific focus on farming communities due to previous qualitative research by the authors indicating distress by farmers in response to drought (Sartore et al. Aust Fam Phys 36(12), 990–993, 2007).
Method
A survey was mailed to adults randomly selected from the Australian Electoral Roll and residing within four local government areas (LGAs) of varying remoteness in rural New South Wales (NSW). Survey measures included: support networks and community attachment; recent stressors (including drought-related stress); and measures of health and related functioning. The Kessler-10 provided an index of current psychological distress.
Results
The sample (n = 449; response rate 24%) was predominantly female (58.4%) and 18.9% were farmers or farm workers. Moderate to very high psychological distress was reported for 20.7% of the sample. Half (56.1%) of all respondents, and specifically 71.8% of farmers or farm workers, reported high levels of perceived stress due to drought. Psychological distress was associated with recent adverse life events, increased alcohol use and functional impairment. Hierarchical regression analysis demonstrated an independent effect of the number of stressful life events including drought related stress, perceived social support (community and individual), alcohol use and physical functioning ability on levels of psychological distress. This model accounted for 43% of the variance in current levels of distress. Lower community support had a more marked impact on distress levels for non-farming than farming participants.
Conclusions
This study has highlighted the association between unique rural community characteristics and rural stressors (such as drought) and measures of mental health, suggesting the important mediating role of social factors and community characteristics. The results illustrate the importance of addressing subgroup differences in the role of social capital in mental health.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Albrecht GA (2005) Solastalgia: a new concept in human health and identity. PAN Philos Activ Nat 3:41–55
Andrews G, Slade T (2001) Interpreting scores on the Kessler psychological distress scale (K10). Aust N Z J Publ Health 25(6):494–497
Beard JR, Heathcote K, Brooks R, Earnest A, Kelly B (2007) Predictors or mental disorders and their outcome in a community based cohort. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 42:623–630
Berry HL (2008) Social capital elite, excluded participators, busy working parents, ageing, participating less: types of community participators and their mental health. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol (online 22)
Bijl RV, van Zessen G, Ravelli A, de Rijk C, Langendoen Y (1998) The Netherlands mental health survey and incidence study (NEMESIS): objectives and design. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 33:581–586
Brugha TS, Cragg D (1990) The list of threatening experiences: the reliability and validity of a brief life events questionnaire. Acta Psychiatr Scand 82:77–81
Caldwell TM, Jorm AF, Dear KB (2004) Suicide and mental health in rural, remote and metropolitan areas in Australia. Med J Aust 18(Suppl.7):S10–S14
Connor L, Albrecht G, Higginbotham N, Freeman S, Smith W (2004) Environmental change, human health in Upper Hunter communities of New South Wales. EcoHealth 1:47–58
Dean J, Stain HJ (2007) The impact of drought on the emotional wellbeing of children and adolescents in rural and remote New South Wales. J Rural Health 23:356–364
Eysenck HJ, Eysenck BG (1968) Eysenck Personality Inventory. San Diego, California: Educational, Industrial Testing Service
Fraser C, Jackson H, Judd F, Komiti A, Robins G, Murray G, et al. (2005) Changing places: The impact of rural restructuring on mental health in Australia. Health Place 11(2):157–157
Goudy WJ (1990) Community attachment in a rural region. Rural Sociol 55:178–198
Havenaar JM, Geerlings MI, Vivian L, Collinson M, Robertson B (2008) Common mental health problems in historically disadvantaged urban and rural communities in South Africa: prevalence and risk factors. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 43:209–215
Henderson S, Duncan-Jones P, Byrne DG, Scott R (1980) Measuring social relationships: the interview schedule for social interaction. Psychol Med 10:723–734
Higginbotham N, Connor L, Albrecht G, Freeman S, Agho K (2006) Validation of an environmental distress scale. EcoHealth 3:245–254
ISR (2001) Community Participation Survey: Surf Coast Shire. Melbourne: Swinburne University of Technology: Institute for Social Research
Judd FK, Jackson HJ, Komiti A, Murray G, Hodgins G, Fraser C (2002) High prevalence disorders in urban and rural communities. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 36:104–113
Lehtinen V, Michalak E, Wilkinson C, Dowrick C, Ayuso-Mateos J, Dalgard OS et al (2003) Urban-rural differences in the occurrence of female depressive disorder in Europe. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 38:283–289
Lundberg I, Thakker KD, Hallstrom T, Forsell Y (2005) Determinants of non-participation, and the effects of non-participation on potential cause-effect relationships, in the PART study on mental disorders. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 40:475–483
Proshansky HM, Fabian AK, Kaminoff R (1983) Place identity: Physical world socialisation of the self. J Environ Psychol 3:57–83
Putnam RD (2004) Commentary: ‘Health by association’: some comments. Int J Epidemiol 33:667–671
AIHW (2004) Rural, regional, remote health: A guide to remote classifications. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare; 2004. Report no.: PHE 53
AIHW (2005) Rural, regional, remote health: Indicators of health. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Canberra. Report no.: PHE 59
Sartore G, Hoolahan B, Tonna A, Kelly B, Stain H (2005) Wisdom from the drought: recommendations from a consultative conference. Aust J Rural Health 13:315–320
Sartore G-M, Kelly BJ, Stain HJ (2007) Drought and the effect on mental health: how GPs can help. Aust Fam Phys 36(12):990–993
Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, De La Fuente JR, Grant M (1993) Development of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT). Addiction 88(6):791–804
Statistics ABo. Census QuikStats. 2006 (cited 2006 13.12.2007); Available from: www.censusdata.abs.gov.au
AIHW (2004) The relationship between overweight, obesity, cardiovascular disease. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Canberra. National Heart Foundation; Report no.: AIHW Cat. no CVD29
Ware JE, Sherbourne CD (1992) The MOS 36 item short-form health survey (SF–36): I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care 30:473–483
Wells JE, Bushnell JA, Joyce PR, Oakley-Browne MA, Hornblow AR (1991) Preventing alcohol problems: the implications of a case-finding study in Christchurch, New Zealand. Acta Psychiatr Scand 83:31–40
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Stain, H.J., Kelly, B., Lewin, T.J. et al. Social networks and mental health among a farming population. Soc Psychiat Epidemiol 43, 843–849 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-008-0374-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-008-0374-5