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Hosts of Sn in reduced deep-seated W skarn systems: A case study on the world-class scheelite skarn deposit, Zhuxi, South China

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Abstract

Tin (Sn) and tungsten (W) behave incompatibly in reduced magmatic systems and may become enriched in late highly-evolved melts. Nonetheless, Sn and W rarely concentrate in the same deposit. In deposits formed by Sn- and W-bearing granites, this separation may be due to the contrasting behavior of Sn and W during exsolution of a magmatic fluid or the scavenging of Sn by silicate minerals. We illustrate the separation of Sn and W for the world-class Zhuxi W skarn deposit (South China). Although tin orebodies have not yet been identified within the Zhuxi deposit, tiny (commonly < 20 μm) cassiterite grains are widespread within the endoskarn and the retrogressed exoskarn. We analyzed the W and Sn contents of the magmatic minerals biotite and ilmenite in ore-forming granites and the prograde anhydrous skarn minerals garnet, pyroxene and vesuvianite. Our data show that (i) magmatic ilmenite (65.5–79.1 ppm Sn; 8.7–14.3 ppm W) and biotite (109–120 ppm Sn; 1.3–6.3 ppm W) from biotite monzogranite strongly enrich Sn relative to W, implying that W partitioned more strongly into the magmatic fluids than Sn, (ii) there is 100 Kt non-recoverable Sn within the Zhuxi deposit in addition to the certified 3.44 Mt WO3 reserves, and (iii) W is mainly hosted in scheelite, whereas Sn is dominantly sequestered in prograde skarn minerals, most importantly garnet (76–4086 ppm Sn, < 42 ppm W), pyroxene (3–103 ppm Sn, < 1 ppm W), and vesuvianite (43–361 ppm Sn, < 2 ppm W). The formation of secondary cassiterite requires the release of silicate-bound Sn by alteration of primary skarn minerals, which depends on the availability of magmatic or metamorphic fluids. Deep-seated granites such as those associated with the Zhuxi skarn deposit, which crystallized at 5 km to 12.6 km depth, do not release or mobilize copious amounts of fluid. Therefore, the Zhuxi deposit, like other deep-seated reduced skarn systems shows little alteration and most Sn remains in silicate minerals and is economically non-recoverable. Thus, reduced, deep-seated W skarn systems are unlikely to have associated Sn orebodies even if significant amounts of Sn are present.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Editor-in-Chief Karen D. Kelley, Associate Editor Matthieu Harlaux, and two anonymous reviewers for constructive comments and insightful suggestions that helped to improve the manuscript. We thank Prof. Zhenyu Chen and Dr. Xiaodan Chen for assistance with EPMA analysis and Dr. Yilun Jin and Mr. Zheng Liu for assistance with the LA-ICP-MS trace element analyses of minerals. We greatly appreciate the help of Prof. Zhigang Kong and Mr. Tao Xie during the field investigations.

Funding

This research was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42272081, 41820104010, 41902096) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2652020024).

National Natural Science Foundation of China,42272081,Shiwei Song,41820104010,Jingwen Mao,41902096,Shiwei Song,Fundamental Research Funds for the

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. MNR Key Laboratory for Exploration Theory & Technology of Critical Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China

    Shiwei Song, Jingwen Mao & Wei Jian

  2. GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, 14473, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam, Germany

    Rolf L. Romer

  3. The Tenth Geological Brigade of Jiangxi Geological Bureau, Yingtan, 335001, China

    Yongpeng Ouyang

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  1. Shiwei Song
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Song, S., Mao, J., Romer, R.L. et al. Hosts of Sn in reduced deep-seated W skarn systems: A case study on the world-class scheelite skarn deposit, Zhuxi, South China. Miner Deposita (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-024-01271-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-024-01271-6

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