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Mississippi Valley-type Zn–Pb deposits in orogenic thrust belts: ore formation in response to synorogenic crustal transpression or extension

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Abstract

Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) Zn–Pb deposits generally form in both orogenic forelands and thrust belts, but the tectonic and structural controls on ore formation in the latter tectonic setting remain poorly understood. This study examines MVT deposits in the late Mesozoic–Cenozoic Tethyan and Cordilleran orogenic thrust belts that have ages determined mainly by paleomagnetic methods or that are well constrained by other geological relationships. Some deposits predated regional thrusting but most deposits formed during regional transpression or extension after early stages of thrusting during convergence. Extensional faults rather than compressional (reverse or thrust) faults control the distribution of ore zones at the deposit or district scale. Post-thrusting MVT mineralization within thrust belts occurs as a result of synorogenic stress transition from compression to transpression/extension. This stress change appears to favor the generation of local extensional faults due to reactivation of pre-existing structures, simple shearing-related tension or dilation, or other mechanisms such as gravitational spreading of weak crust, lower crustal flow, and removal of lithosphere. In comparison, ore-controlling extensional faults in forelands are generated by means of the flexure of the foreland plate during orogenic convergence. Exploration for MVT ores in orogenic thrust belts should focus on extensional zones and extensional faults at district and deposit scales.

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Acknowledgements

Yucai Song thanks Dr. David Leach for his long-term teaching and discussion in the study field of MVT deposits. The authors also thank Dr. Bradley and Dr. Kelley for their careful reviews and constructive suggestions.

Funding

This study is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91855214, 92155305, 42125204, 42261144669) and the National Key R&D Plan (2021YFC2901805).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 10003, China

    Yucai Song, Zengqian Hou, Yingchao Liu, Liangliang Zhuang & Ge Hu

  2. Shandong Institute of Geological Sciences, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, China

    Yucai Song, Zengqian Hou, Yingchao Liu, Liangliang Zhuang & Ge Hu

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  1. Yucai Song
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Correspondence to Yucai Song.

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Song, Y., Hou, Z., Liu, Y. et al. Mississippi Valley-type Zn–Pb deposits in orogenic thrust belts: ore formation in response to synorogenic crustal transpression or extension. Miner Deposita 58, 1333–1350 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-023-01185-9

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