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Mechanism of organic matter assimilation and its role in sulfide saturation of oxidized magmatic ore-forming system: insights from C-S-Sr-Nd isotopes of the Tulaergen deposit in NW China

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Abstract

Organic matter assimilation-induced reduction is thought to play a critical role in the formation of magmatic sulfide deposits if the parental magmas are too oxidized to form Ni-Cu deposits, but the mechanism for addition of organic matter to the magma and its global significance are unclear. The Tulaergen deposit, which was formed at 280 ± 4 Ma, is one of the several major magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide deposits in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt in western China and is associated with oxidized magmas derived from a subduction-modified mantle. Three types of carbonaceous phases are recognized in the sulfide-bearing ultramafic rocks, (i) graphite enclosed in olivine grains, (ii) graphite enclosed in apatite or sulfide, and (iii) solid bitumen in veinlets among silicates. The graphite inclusions are more common than the bitumen veins. Solid bitumen is also found in the Carboniferous volcano-sedimentary rocks which host the deposit. Based on the different modes of occurrences, we interpret that the graphite formed in the magmatic stage and bitumen during the post-magmatic stage. Non-carbonate carbon extracted from the sulfide-bearing ultramafic rocks has δ13C values from − 27.6 to − 22.9‰, significantly lower than mantle values (− 7 to − 5‰), but similar to those of volcano-sedimentary rocks (− 27.5 to − 24.0‰). The anomalous C isotopic ratios are attributed to addition of organic matter via dehydration of crustal rocks during magma emplacement. Bulk assimilation of country rocks estimated using Sr-Nd isotopes is only < 5 wt.%, suggesting that the organic matter was incorporated into the magma via selective assimilation. The addition of organic matter to the magma resulted in a sudden decrease of oxygen fugacity of the magma, thereby triggering sulfide over-saturation in the magma. No correlation is observed between δ13C values and estimated magmatic oxygen fugacities (fO2) for the Tulaergen deposit, which could be due to highly variable δ13C values in the contaminants. The δ34S values of sulfide ores are from − 1.3 to 3.8‰, within the range (− 2.6 to 4.5‰) of pyrite grains in the volcano-sedimentary rocks, suggesting that the country rocks could have supplied some sulfur to the magma. Our results propose that selective assimilation of organic matter, even for low abundance organic carbon in country rocks, could play a key role in causing sulfide saturation in highly oxidized mafic magma.

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modified from an internal report in 2016 by the Sixth Geological Team of the Xinjiang Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources

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Acknowledgements

We thank Zhaoming Zhao, Huqiang Wang, Linnan Wu, Linru Fang, and Zhenghao Sun for assistance in field work and Xiaomin Xie, Tao Long, Luhua Xie, Chaofeng Li, Yanan Yang, Lihui Jia, Hongfang Chen, and Qiuyun Yuan for assistance in chemical analysis. We are grateful to Georges Beaudoin for the editorial handling, and David Banks, Edward Ripley, and anonymous reviewers for the constructive suggestions that significantly improved the manuscript.

Funding

This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 42172076, 41802076 and 91855217), a research grant from the State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (SKLabIG-KF-18-03), and the National Key Research and Development Project of China (2020YFA0714802).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China

    Shengchao Xue, Qingfei Wang, Jun Deng & Yanning Wang

  2. State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China

    Touping Peng

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  1. Shengchao Xue
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  2. Qingfei Wang
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Correspondence to Qingfei Wang.

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Editorial handling: D. Banks

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Xue, S., Wang, Q., Deng, J. et al. Mechanism of organic matter assimilation and its role in sulfide saturation of oxidized magmatic ore-forming system: insights from C-S-Sr-Nd isotopes of the Tulaergen deposit in NW China. Miner Deposita 57, 1123–1141 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-021-01087-8

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