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Temperature and oxygen state of kimberlite magma from the North China Craton and their implication for diamond survival

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Abstract

The grade and morphological character of kimberlite-hosted diamonds were compared to crystallization temperature (T) and oxygen fugacity (fO2) estimated from groundmass spinels in six kimberlite pipes in the North China Craton (NCC). Crystallization temperatures calculated at an assumed pressure of 1 GPa are in the range of 1037–1395 °C, with a mean of 1182 °C. At these temperatures, the estimated fO2 varies from 1.2 to 3.1 log units below the nickel-nickel oxide (NNO) buffer. Generally, individual kimberlite pipe shows a small variation of the T (50–100 °C) and fO2 (0.4–0.6 log units), whereas different kimberlite pipes present great changes of T and fO2 which can be up to 300 °C and 2 units respectively. The fO2 of kimberlite magma shows a strong negative correlation with the diamond grade of kimberlite, suggesting that the fO2 plays an important role in diamond resorption, whereas the T shows no relationship with the diamond grade, indicating the T plays no role in diamond resorption. The conditions of kimberlite crystallization (fO2) can be a useful parameter in evaluating diamond survival in diamond exploration.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful for Ning Kang, Su-Ning Li, Tang Bao, An-Dong Zhu, Bao Hang, and Li-Li Chen for the help during fieldwork. We would like to thank Ji-Hao Zhu for the assistance with measurements of major elements of spinel. We appreciate Ning Kang for providing the morphological data of diamonds in kimberlites from Wafangdian area. We appreciate the Editor Bernd Lehmann, AE Marco Fiorentini, and reviewer Dr. Andrea Giuliani very much for their positive and constructive comments. Thanks to the Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences in Second Institute of Oceanography of the State Oceanic Administration for their assistance the experiment.

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This research was funded by the Ministry of Land and Resources of the PRC (Grant No. 201404025) and the program B for Outstanding PhD candidate of Nanjing University.

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  1. State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposit Research, Institute of Geo-Fluids, School of Earth Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, NO. 163, Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China

    Ren-zhi Zhu, Pei Ni, Guo-guang Wang & Jun-ying Ding

  2. The Sixth Geological Brigade in Liaoning Province, Dalian, 116200, China

    Ning Kang

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Contributions

R. Z. Z., P. N., G. G. W., and J. Y. D. did the field work; R. Z. Z. analyzed results of all the experiments; R. Z. Z. and P.N. wrote the paper; R. Z. Z., P. N., G. G. W., and J. Y. D. revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.

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Supplementary information

ESM 1

(XLSX 87 kb)

Supplementary figure 1.

Three spinel projections of oxidized spinel prism (A-C) and Backscatter electron (BSE) images for groundmass spinels from the Shengli 1 kimberlite pipe. (PNG 478 kb)

High Resolution Image (EPS 1354 kb)

Supplementary figure 2.

Three spinel projections of oxidized spinel prism (A-C) and Backscatter electron (BSE) images for groundmass spinels from the L30 kimberlite pipe. (PNG 465 kb)

High Resolution Image (EPS 1294 kb)

Supplementary figure 3.

Three spinel projections of oxidized spinel prism (A-C) and Backscatter electron (BSE) images for groundmass spinels from the Xy6 kimberlite pipe. (PNG 496 kb)

High Resolution Image (EPS 1577 kb)

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Zhu, Rz., Ni, P., Wang, Gg. et al. Temperature and oxygen state of kimberlite magma from the North China Craton and their implication for diamond survival. Miner Deposita 57, 301–318 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-021-01057-0

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