Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the participants
Study | Cohort | N (male %) | Age (years) | AAD (year) | Diabetes duration (years) | BMI (kg/m2) | FPG (mmol/l) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stage 1 (genome scan) | |||||||
HK1 | Control | 99 (36.4) | 37.3 ± 10.2 | – | – | 20.8 ± 2.0 | 4.7 ± 0.4 |
T2D patient | 99 (40.4) | 40.6 ± 8.8 | 31.8 ± 7.7 | 8.0 ± 8.3 | 30.9 ± 4.4 | – | |
HK2 | Diseased control | 659 (48.7) | 37.1 ± 17.0 | – | – | 23.3 ± 3.7 | – |
T2D patient | 388 (49.5) | 60.6 ± 10.8 | 51.1 ± 12.1 | 9.5 ± 7.0 | 25.0 ± 3.8 | – | |
SH | Control | 197 (50.8) | 66.4 ± 10.1 | – | – | 20.6 ± 1.7 | 4.8 ± 0.4 |
T2D patient | 197 (57.9) | 41.6 ± 10.4 | 34.5 ± 4.8 | 7.3 ± 8.5 | 23.8 ± 4.1 | – | |
Stage 2 (de novo replication in Chinese) | |||||||
HK1 | Adolescent control | 985 (44.2) | 15.5 ± 1.9 | – | – | 22.7 ± 5.4 | 4.9 ± 0.4 |
Adults control | 513 (47.0) | 42.0 ± 10.4 | – | – | 19.9 ± 3.5 | 4.7 ± 0.3 | |
Elderly control | 976 (51.4) | 72.3 ± 5.3 | – | – | 23.2 ± 3.2 | – | |
T2D patient | 5,366 (45.1) | 56.7 ± 13.4 | 48.8 ± 14.9 | 6.6 ± 6.9 | 24.6 ± 5.3 | – | |
SH1 | Control | 3,964 (37.6) | 51.3 ± 13.5 | – | – | 23.6 ± 3.2 | 5.0 ± 0.5 |
T2D patient | 4,035 (52.0) | 61.2 ± 12.1 | 54.2 ± 11.3 | 7.2 ± 6.9 | 24.5 ± 3.5 | – | |
HK Family 2 | Control | 368 (41.0) | 37.0 ± 13.6 | – | – | 24.0 ± 4.1 | 4.9 ± 0.4 |
T2D patient | 325 (40.6) | 48.0 ± 14.4 | 41.7 ± 13.1 | 6.3 ± 7.6 | 25.9 ± 4.4 | – | |
SH Family 2 | Control | 168 (51.2) | 62.8 ± 11.2 | – | – | 23.7 ± 3.5 | 4.8 ± 0.6 |
T2D patient | 657 (43.7) | 54.6 ± 15.6 | 50.0 ± 14.2 | 4.9 ± 7.3 | 23.9 ± 3.5 | – | |
Stage 3 (in silico replication in East Asians) | |||||||
Japanese | Control | 3,023 (54.5) | 51.9 ± 15.2 | – | – | 22.4 ± 3.7 | – |
T2D patient | 4,465 (68.0) | 65.8 ± 10.0 | 56.5 ± 11.4 | 9.4 ± 8.4 | 24.1 ± 3.8 | – | |
Korean 1 | Control | 2,943 (46.0) | 51.1 ± 8.6 | – | – | 24.1 ± 3.0 | 4.5 + 0.4 |
T2D patient | 1,042 (51.7) | 56.4 ± 8.6 | – | – | 25.5 ± 3.3 | 7.0 ± 2.6 | |
Korean 2 | Control | 1,305 (54.5) | 65.2 ± 2.6 | – | – | 23.9 ± 3.0 | 5.0 ± 0.5 |
T2D patient | 1,183 (46.5) | 58.6 ± 7.1 | – | – | 25.2 ± 3.4 | 7.4 ± 2.7 | |
Singapore Chinese 1 | Control | 1,006 (21.6) | 47.7 ± 11.1 | – | – | 22.3 ± 3.7 | 4.7 ± 0.4 |
T2D patient | 1,082 (37.2) | 65.1 ± 9.7 | 55.7 ± 12.0 | – | 25.3 ± 3.9 | – | |
Singapore Chinese 2 | Control | 939 (63.8) | 46.7 ± 10.2 | – | – | 22.8 ± 3.4 | 4.7 ± 0.5 |
T2D patient | 928 (64.9) | 63.7 ± 10.8 | 52.2 ± 14.4 | – | 25.4 ± 3.8 | – | |
Chinese | Control | 1,839 (43.7) | 54.1 ± 9.2 | – | – | 24.00 ± 3.18 | 5.04 ± 0.35 |
T2D patient | 1,873 (46.0) | 58.6 ± 8.4 | – | – | 25.00 ± 3.24 | 8.43 ± 2.90 | |
Stage 4 (in silico replication in non-East Asians) | |||||||
Singapore Malaysian | Control | 1,240 (52.0) | 56.9 ± 11.4 | – | – | 25.1 ± 4.8 | – |
T2D patient | 794 (51.0) | 62.3 ± 9.90 | 54.4 ± 11.2 | – | 27.8 ± 4.9 | – | |
Singapore Indians | Control | 1,169 (48.4) | 55.7 ± 9.7 | – | – | 25.3 ± 4.4 | – |
T2D patient | 977 (54.4) | 60.7 ± 9.9 | 51.4 ± 10.6 | – | 27.1 ± 5.1 | – | |
DIAGRAM+ | Control | 38,987 (–) | – | – | – | – | – |
T2D patient | 8,130 (–) | – | – | – | – | – | |