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From Mendel’s discovery on pea to today’s plant genetics and breeding

Commemorating the 150th anniversary of the reading of Mendel’s discovery

Theoretical and Applied Genetics volume 129, pages 2267–2280 (2016)Cite this article

Abstract

Key message

This work discusses several selected topics of plant genetics and breeding in relation to the 150th anniversary of the seminal work of Gregor Johann Mendel.

Abstract

In 2015, we celebrated the 150th anniversary of the presentation of the seminal work of Gregor Johann Mendel. While Darwin’s theory of evolution was based on differential survival and differential reproductive success, Mendel’s theory of heredity relies on equality and stability throughout all stages of the life cycle. Darwin’s concepts were continuous variation and “soft” heredity; Mendel espoused discontinuous variation and “hard” heredity. Thus, the combination of Mendelian genetics with Darwin’s theory of natural selection was the process that resulted in the modern synthesis of evolutionary biology. Although biology, genetics, and genomics have been revolutionized in recent years, modern genetics will forever rely on simple principles founded on pea breeding using seven single gene characters. Purposeful use of mutants to study gene function is one of the essential tools of modern genetics. Today, over 100 plant species genomes have been sequenced. Mapping populations and their use in segregation of molecular markers and marker–trait association to map and isolate genes, were developed on the basis of Mendel's work. Genome-wide or genomic selection is a recent approach for the development of improved breeding lines. The analysis of complex traits has been enhanced by high-throughput phenotyping and developments in statistical and modeling methods for the analysis of phenotypic data. Introgression of novel alleles from landraces and wild relatives widens genetic diversity and improves traits; transgenic methodologies allow for the introduction of novel genes from diverse sources, and gene editing approaches offer possibilities to manipulate gene in a precise manner.

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the Czech Science Foundation (Grant 15-02891S to E.K. and 14-11782S to P.S.) and Palacký University Grant IGA 2015_1 and IGA 2016_1 to P.S. Various colleagues are acknowledged for their fruitful discussions on the earlier versions of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, Palacký University in Olomouc, Slechtitelu 27, Olomouc, Czech Republic

    Petr Smýkal

  2. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad, India

    Rajeev K. Varshney & Vikas K. Singh

  3. USDA-ARS, Washington State University, Pullman, USA

    Clarice J. Coyne

  4. John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK

    Claire Domoney

  5. Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic

    Eduard Kejnovský

  6. Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada

    Thomas Warkentin

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Smýkal, P., K. Varshney, R., K. Singh, V. et al. From Mendel’s discovery on pea to today’s plant genetics and breeding. Theor Appl Genet 129, 2267–2280 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-016-2803-2

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Keywords

  • Quantitative Trait Locus
  • Common Bean
  • Genomic Selection
  • Genetically Modify Crop
  • Cluster Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat