Skip to main content

Use of synteny to identify candidate genes underlying QTL controlling stomatal traits in faba bean (Vicia faba L.)

Theoretical and Applied Genetics volume 127, pages 2371–2385 (2014)Cite this article

Abstract

Key message

We have identified QTLs for stomatal characteristics on chromosome II of faba bean by applying SNPs derived from M. truncatula , and have identified candidate genes within these QTLs using synteny between the two species.

Abstract

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a valuable food and feed crop worldwide, but drought often limits its production, and its genome is large and poorly mapped. No information is available on the effects of genomic regions and genes on drought adaptation characters such as stomatal characteristics in this species, but the synteny between the sequenced model legume, Medicago truncatula, and faba bean can be used to identify candidate genes. A mapping population of 211 F5 recombinant inbred lines (Mélodie/2 × ILB 938/2) were phenotyped to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting stomatal morphology and function, along with seed weight, under well-watered conditions in a climate-controlled glasshouse in 2013 and 2014. Canopy temperature (CT) was evaluated in 2013 under water-deficit (CTd). In total, 188 polymorphic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), developed from M. truncatula genome data, were assigned to nine linkage groups that covered ~928 cM of the faba bean genome with an average inter-marker distance of 5.8 cM. 15 putative QTLs were detected, of which eight (affecting stomatal density, length and conductance and CT) co-located on chromosome II, in the vicinity of a possible candidate gene—a receptor-like protein kinase found in the syntenic interval of M. truncatula chromosome IV. A ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase from M. truncatula chromosome V, postulated as a possible candidate gene for the QTL for CTd, was found some distance away in the same chromosome. These results demonstrate that genomic information from M. truncatula can successfully be translated to the faba bean genome.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

USD 39.95

Price includes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

References

  • Abdelmula AA, Link W, von Kittlitz E, Stelling S (1999) Heterosis and inheritance of drought tolerance in faba bean, Vicia faba L. Plant Breed 118:845–849

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abrash EB, Bergmann DC (2010) Regional specification of stomatal production by the putative ligand CHALLAH. Development 137:447–455

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alghamdi SS, Migdadi HM, Ammar MH, Paull JG, Siddique KHM (2012) Faba bean genomics: current status and future prospects. Euphytica 186:609–624

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arbaoui M, Link W, Satovic S, Torres AM (2008) Quantitative trait loci of frost tolerance and physiologically related trait in faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Euphytica 164:93–104

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asfaw A, Blair MW, Struik P (2012) Multienvironment quantitative trait loci analysis of photosynthate acquisition, accumulation, and remobilization traits in common bean under drought stress. Genes Genomes Genet 5:579–595

    Google Scholar 

  • Blum A (2009) Effective use of water (EUW) and not water-use efficiency (WUE) is the target of crop yield improvement under drought stress. Field Crops Res 112:119–123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blum A (2011a) Plant breeding for water limited environments. Springer-Verlag, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Blum A (2011b) Drought resistance—is it really a complex trait? Funct Plant Biol 38:753–757

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Box GEP, Cox DR (1964) An analysis of transformations. J Roy Stat Soc B 26:211–252

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyer JS (1982) Plant productivity and environment. Science 218:443–448

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Broman KW (2006) The genomes of recombinant inbred lines. Genetics 169:1133–1146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chaves MM, Maroco JP, Pereira JS (2003) Understanding plant responses to drought—from genes to the whole plant. Funct Plant Biol 30:239–264

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Churchill G, Doerge R (1994) Empirical threshold values for quantitative trait mapping. Genetics 138:963–971

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Conneally PM, Edwarks JH, Kidd KK, Lalouel J-M, Morton NE, Ott J, White R (1985) Report of the committee on methods of linkage analysis and reporting. Cytogenet Cell Genet 40:356–359

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cottage A, Gostkiewicz K, Thomas JE, Borrows R, Torres AM, O’Sullivan DM (2012a) Heterozygosity and diversity analysis using mapped SNPs in a faba bean inbreeding programme. Mol Breed 30:1799–1809

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cottage A, Webb A, Hobbs D, Khamassi K, Maalouf F, Ogbannaya F, Stoddard FL, Duc G, Link W, Thomas JE, O’Sullivan DM (2012b) SNP discovery and validation for genomic-assisted breeding of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). In: VI international conference on legume genetics and genomics (ICLGG). Hyderabad, India

  • Crépon K, Marget P, Peyronnet C, Carrouée B, Arese P, Duc G (2010) Nutritional value of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) seeds for feed and food. Field Crops Res 115:329–339

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cruz-Izquierdo S, Avila CM, Satovic Z, Palomino C, Gutierrez N, Ellwood SR, Phan HTT, Cubero JI, Torres AM (2012) Comparative genomics to bridge Vicia faba with model and closely-related legume species: stability of QTLs for flowering and yield-related traits. Theor Appl Genet 125:1767–1782

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cuppen E (2007) Genotyping by allele-specific amplification (KASPar). Cold Spring Harb Protoc. doi:10.1101/pdb.prot4841

    Google Scholar 

  • Dai A (2013) Increasing drought under global warming in observations and models. Nat Clim Change 3:52–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doheny-Adams T, Hunt L, Franks PJ, Beerling DJ, Gray JE (2012) Genetic manipulation of stomatal density influences stomatal size, plant growth and tolerance to restricted water supply across a growth carbon dioxide gradient. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 367:547–555

    PubMed  Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Duc G (1997) Faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Field Crops Res 53:99–109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellwood SR, Phan HTT, Jordan M, Torres AM, Avila CM, Cruz-Izquierdo S, Oliver RP (2008) Construction of a comparative genetic map in faba bean (Vicia faba L.); conservation of genome structure with Lens culinaris. BMC Genom 9:380

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erith AG (1930) The inheritance of colour, size and form of seeds, and of flower colour in Vicia faba L. Genetica 12:477–510

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FAO (2012) FAOSTAT. In: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, Italy. http://faostat.fao.org/

  • Gailing O, Langenfeld-Hyeser R, Polle A, Finkeldey R (2008) Quantitative trait loci affecting stomatal density and growth in a Quercus robur progeny: implications for the adaptation to changing environments. Glob Chang Biol 14:1934–1946

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hara K, Yokoo T, Kajita R, Onishi T, Yahata S, Peterson KM, Torii KU, Kakimoto T (2009) Epidermal cell density is autoregulated via a secretory peptide, EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR 2 in Arabidopsis leaves. Plant Cell Physiol 50:1019–1031

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henry DC (2009) Genomic, proteomic and metabolomic approaches to study drought responses in Aquilegia. Ph.D. thesis. Clemson University USA. p 123

  • Hetherington AM, Woodward FI (2003) The role of stomata in sensing and driving environmental change. Nature 424:901–908

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hiremath PJ, Kumar A, Penmetsa RV, Farmer A, Schlueter JA, Chamarthi SK, Whaley AM, Carrasquilla-Garcia N, Gaur PM, Upadhyaya HD, Kishor PBK, Shah TM, Cook DR, Varshney RK (2012) Large-scale development of cost-effective SNP marker assays for diversity assessment and genetic mapping in chickpea and comparative mapping in legumes. Plant Biotech J 10:716–732

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hua DP, Wang C, He J, Liao H, Duan Y, Zhu ZQ, Guo Y, Chen ZZ, Gong ZZ (2012) A plasma membrane receptor kinase, GHR1, mediates abscisic acid- and hydrogen peroxide-regulated stomatal movement in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 24:2546–2561

    PubMed  Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt L, Gray JE (2009) The signaling peptide EPF2 controls asymmetric cell divisions during stomatal development. Curr Biol 19:864–869

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • IPCC (2012) Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation. In: Field CB, Barros V, Stocker TF, Qin D, Dokken DG et al (eds) A special report of working groups I and II of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, p 582

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaur S, Pembleton LW, Cogan NOI, Savin KW, Leonforte T, Paull J, Materne M, Forster JW (2012) Transcriptome sequencing of field pea and faba bean for discovery and validation of SSR markers. BMC Genom 13:104

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaur S, Kimber RBE, Cogan NOI, Materne M, Forster JW, Paull J (2014) SNP discovery and high-density genetic mapping in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) permits identification of QTLs for ascochyta blight resistance. Plant Sci 217–218:47–55

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khan HR, Link W, Hocking TJH, Stoddard FL (2007) Evaluation of physiological traits for improving drought tolerance in faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Plant Soil 292:205–217

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan HR, Paull JG, Siddique KHM, Stoddard FL (2010) Faba bean breeding for drought-affected environments: a physiological and agronomic perspective. Field Crops Res 115:279–286

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khazaei H, Street K, Bari A, Mackay M, Stoddard FL (2013a) The FIGS (focused identification of germplasm strategy) approach identifies traits related to drought adaptation in Vicia faba genetic resources. PLoS One 8:e63107

    PubMed  Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Khazaei H, Street K, Santanen A, Bari A, Stoddard FL (2013b) Do faba bean (Vicia faba L.) accessions from environments with contrasting seasonal moisture availabilities differ in stomatal characteristics and related traits? Genet Resour Crop Evol 60:2343–2357

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khazaei H, O’Sullivan DM, Sillanpää MJ, Stoddard FL (2014) Genetic analysis reveals a novel locus in Vicia faba decoupling pigmentation in the flower from that in the extra-floral nectaries. Mol Breed (in press). doi:10.1007/s11032-014-0100-9

  • Kilian J, Whitehead D, Horak J, Wanke D, Weinl S, Batistic O, D’Angelo C, Bornberg-Bauer E, Kudla J, Harter K (2007) The AtGenExpress global stress expression data set: protocols, evaluation and model data analysis of UV-B light, drought and cold stress responses. Plant J 50:347–363

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kondo T, Kajita R, Miyazaki A, Hokoyama M, Nakamura-Miura T, Mizuno S, Masuda Y, Irie K, Tanaka Y, Takada S, Kakimoto T, Sakagami Y (2010) Stomatal density is controlled by a mesophyll-derived signaling molecule. Plant Cell Physiol 51:1–8

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kosambi DD (1943) The estimation of map distance from recombination values. Ann Eugen 12:172–175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lake JA, Woodward FI (2008) Response of stomatal numbers to CO2 and humidity: control by transpiration rate and abscisic acid. New Phytol 179:397–404

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laza MR, Kondo M, Ideta O, Barlaan E, Imbe T (2010) Quantitative trait loci for stomatal density and size in lowland rice. Euphytica 172:149–158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu HY, Zou GH, Liu GL, Hu SP, Li MS, Mei HW, Yu XQ, Luo LJ (2005) Correlation analysis and QTL identification for canopy temperature, leaf water potential and spikelet fertility in rice under contrasting moisture regimes. Chin Sci Bull 50:130–139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, Subhash C, Yan J, Song C, Zhao J, Li J (2011) Maize leaf temperature responses to drought: thermal imaging and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping. Environ Exp Bot 71:158–165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lorieux M (2012) MapDisto: fast and efficient computation of genetic linkage map. Mol Breed 30:1231–1235

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall A, Aalen RB, Audenaert D, Beeckman T, Broadley MR, Butenko MA, Caño-Delgado A, De Vries S, Dresselhaus T, Felix G, Graham NS, Foulkes J, Granier C, Greb T, Grossniklaus U, Hammond JP, Heidstra R, Hodgman C, Hothorn M, Inzé D, Østergaard L, Russinova E, Simon R, Skirycz A, Stahl Y, Zipfel C, De Smete I (2012) Tackling drought stress: receptor-like kinase presents new approaches. Plant Cell 24:2262–2278

    PubMed  Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Masle J, Gilmore SR, Farquhar GD (2005) The ERECTA gene regulates plant transpiration efficiency in Arabidopsis. Nature 436:866–870

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morris ER, Walker JC (2003) Receptor-like protein kinases: the keys to response. Curr Opin Plant Biol 6:339–342

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nadeau JA, Sack FD (2002) Control of stomatal distribution on the Arabidopsis leaf surface. Science 296:1697–1700

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Osakabe Y, Mizuno S, Tanaka H, Maruyama K, Osakabe K, Todaka D, Fujita Y, Kobayashi M, Shinozaki K, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K (2010) Overproduction of the membrane-bound receptor-like protein kinase 1, RPK1, enhances abiotic stress tolerance in Arabidopsis. J Biol Chem 285:9190–9201

    PubMed  Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ouyang SQ, Liu YF, Liu P, Lei G, He SJ, Ma B, Zhang WK, Zhang JS, Chen SY (2010) Receptor-like kinase OsSIK1 improves drought and salt stress tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa) plants. Plant J 62:316–329

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rebetzke GJ, Rattey AR, Farquhar GD, Richards RA, Condon AG (2013) Genomic regions for canopy temperature and their genetic association with stomatal conductance and grain yield in wheat. Funct Plant Biol 40:14–33

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rehman A, Malhotra R, Bett K, Tar’an B, Bueckert R, Warkentin T (2011) Mapping QTL associated with traits affecting grain yield in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under terminal drought stress. Crop Sci 51:450–463

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ricciardi L (1989) Plant breeding for resistance to drought. II. Relationship between stomata and agronomic traits in Vicia faba L. genotypes. Agric Mediterr 119:424–434

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz-Rodriguez MD, Avila CM, Torres AM, Fuchs J, Schubert I (2014) Anchoring of genetic linkage maps to the chromosome complement of Vicia faba L. Mol Breed 33:743–748

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sato S, Isobe S, Tabata S (2010) Structural analyses of the genomes in legumes. Curr Opin Plant Biol 13:146–152

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Satovic Z, Torres AM, Cubero JI (1996) Genetic mapping of new morphological, isozyme and RAPD markers in Vicia faba L. using trisomics. Theor Appl Genet 93:1130–1138

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Satovic Z, Avila CM, Cruz-Izquierdo S, Díaz-Ruíz R, García-Ruíz GM, Palomino C, Gutiérrez N, Vitale S, Ocaña-Moral S, Gutiérrez MV, Cubero JI, Torres AM (2013) A reference consensus genetic map for molecular markers and economically important traits in faba bean (Vicia faba L.). BMC Genom 14:932

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saxena RK, Varma Penmetsa RV, Upadhyaya HD, Kumar A, Carrasquilla-Garcia N, Schlueter JA, Farmer A, Whaley AM, Sarma BK, May GD, Cook DR, Varshney RK (2012) Large-scale development of cost-effective single-nucleotide polymorphism marker assays for genetic mapping in pigeon pea and comparative mapping in legumes. DNA Res 19:449–461

    PubMed  Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Semagn K, Babu R, Hearne S, Olsen M (2014) Single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping using Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP): overview of the technology and its application in crop improvement. Mol Breed 33:1–14

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharpe AG, Ramsay L, Sanderson L-A, Fedoruk MJ, Clarke WE, Li R, Kagale S, Vijayan P, Vandenberg A, Bett KE (2013) Ancient orphan crop joins modern era: gene-based SNP discovery and mapping in lentil. BMC Genom 14:192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shpak ED, McAbee JM, Pillitteri LJ, Torii KU (2005) Stomatal patterning and differentiation by synergistic interactions of receptor kinases. Science 309:290–293

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sjödin J (1971) Induced morphological variation in Vicia faba L. Hereditas 67:155–180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sugano SS, Shimada T, Imai Y, Okawa K, Tamai A, Mori M, Hara-Nishimura I (2010) Stomagen positively regulates stomatal density in Arabidopsis. Nature 463:241–244

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka H, Osakabe Y, Katsura S, Mizuno S, Maruyama K, Kusakabe K, Mizoi J, Shinozaki K, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K (2012) Abiotic stress-inducible receptor-like kinases negatively control ABA signal in Arabidopsis. Plant J 70:599–613

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tayeh N, Bahrman N, Devaux R, Bluteau A, Prosperi JM, Delbreil B, Lejeune-Hénaut I (2013) A high-density genetic map of the Medicago truncatula major freezing tolerance QTL on chromosome 6 reveals colinearity with a QTL related to freezing damage on Pisum sativum linkage group VI. Mol Breed 32:279–289

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torres AM, Avila CM, Gutierrez N, Palomino C, Moreno MT, Cubero JI (2010) Marker-assisted selection in faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Field Crops Res 115:243–252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Torres AM, Avila CM, Stoddard FL, Cubero JI (2012) Faba bean. In: Torres AM, Cubero JI, Kole C, Pérez de la Vega M (eds) Genetics, genomics and breeding in crop plants: cool season food legumes. Science Pubs Inc, New Hampshire, pp 50–97

    Google Scholar 

  • van Ooijen JW (1992) Accuracy of mapping quantitative trait loci in autogamous species. Theor Appl Genet 84:803–811

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Varshney RK, Song C, Saxena RK, Azam S, Yu S et al (2013) Draft genome sequence of kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum): genetic structure and breeding constraints for crop improvement. Nat Biotech 31:240–246

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Voorrips RE (2002) MapChart: software for the graphical presentation of linkage maps and QTLs. J Hered 93:77–78

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang S, Basten CJ, Zeng Z-B (2012) Windows QTL Cartographer 2.5. In: Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC. http://statgen.ncsu.edu/qtlcart/WQTLCart.htm

  • Yan J, Yang X, Shah T, Sanchez-Villeda H, Li J, Warburton ML, Zhou Y, Crouch JH, Xu Y (2010) High-throughput SNP genotyping with the GoldenGate assay in maize. Mol Breed 25:441–451

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young ND, Debellé F, Oldroyd GED, Geurts R, Cannon SB et al (2011) The Medicago genome provides insight into the evolution of rhizobial symbioses. Nature 480:520–524

    PubMed  Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yu L, Chen X, Wang Z, Wang S, Wang Y, Zhu Q, Li S, Xiang C (2013) Arabidopsis enhanced drought tolerance1/HOMEODOMAIN GLABROUS11 confers drought tolerance in transgenic rice without yield penalty. Plant Physiol 162:1378–1391

    PubMed  Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao J, Gao Y, Zhang Z, Chen T, Guo W, Zhang T (2013) A receptor-like kinase gene (GbRLK) from Gossypium barbadense enhances salinity and drought-stress tolerance in Arabidopsis. BMC Plant Biol 13:110

    PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu H, Choi H-K, Cook DR, Shoemaker RC (2005) Bridging model and crop legumes through genomics. Plant Physiol 137:1189–1196

    PubMed  Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

H. Khazaei expresses his gratitude to the Emil Aaltonen Foundation (Emil Aaltosen Säätiö) and Niemi-säätiö for their financial support. The project was further supported by the University of Helsinki, Niemi-Säätiö and by “Legume Futures (Legume-supported cropping systems for Europe)”, a collaborative research project funding from the European Union’s Seventh Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under Grant Agreement No. 245216. In addition, we thank Markku Tykkyläinen, Sanna Peltola, Sini Lindström and Stefano Zanotto for their assistance in the glasshouse work. We thank Prof. Wolfgang Link (Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany) for providing the seeds of the parental lines.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, P O Box 27 (Latokartanonkaari 5), 00014, Helsinki, Finland

    Hamid Khazaei & Frederick L. Stoddard

  2. School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Whiteknights, P O Box 237, Reading, UK

    Donal M. O’Sullivan

  3. Department of Mathematical Sciences, Department of Biology and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, P O Box 3000, 90014, Oulu, Finland

    Mikko J. Sillanpää

Authors
  1. Hamid Khazaei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Donal M. O’Sullivan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mikko J. Sillanpää
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Frederick L. Stoddard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hamid Khazaei.

Additional information

Communicated by Glenn James Bryan.

Electronic supplementary material

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Khazaei, H., O’Sullivan, D.M., Sillanpää, M.J. et al. Use of synteny to identify candidate genes underlying QTL controlling stomatal traits in faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Theor Appl Genet 127, 2371–2385 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-014-2383-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-014-2383-y

Keywords

  • Quantitative Trait Locus
  • Linkage Group
  • Faba Bean
  • Composite Interval Mapping
  • Quantitative Trait Locus Region