Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Körperliche Aktivität zur Primärprävention des Prostatakarzinoms

Mögliche Mechanismen

Physical activity for primary prevention of prostate cancer

Possible mechanisms

  • Übersichten
  • Published:
Der Urologe Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Der Beitrag stellt die möglichen Zusammenhänge zwischen körperlicher Aktivität und Prävention des Prostatakarzinoms durch Aufarbeitung der kontroversen Studienlage bestehend aus Kohorten- und Fall-Kontroll-Studien dar. Nach der bisherigen Datenlage gibt es keine eindeutige Beeinflussbarkeit der Inzidenz des Prostatakarzinoms durch körperliche Aktivität. In Studien mit präventiven Effekten werden Mechanismen postuliert, die dargestellt werden.

Material und Methode

Eine Literaturrecherche stellt schwerpunktmäßig die Ergebnissen der letzten 10 Jahre dar.

Ergebnisse

Wegen der Testosteronabhängigkeit des Prostatakarzinoms kommt der Modulation der Testosteronkonzentration besonders durch intensive körperliche Aktivität eine große Bedeutung zu. Der Zusammenhang zwischen Prostatakarzinom und Kalziumkonzentration im Blut, dem Parathormon und Vitamin D3 und deren Erhöhung durch körperliche Aktivität lassen einen weiteren Mechanismus vermuten. Weniger spezifisch ist die mögliche Verbesserung der antioxidativen Kapazität und der Steigerung der Immunkompetenz des Organismus. Krafttraining scheint hinsichtlich des Testosterons eher einen adversiven Effekt zu zeigen, während es sich günstig auf das Immunsystem auswirkt.

Schlussfolgerung

Körperliche Aktivität von höherer Intensität könnte zur Prävention des Prostatakarzinoms beitragen.

Abstract

Background

An explanation of the possible connection between physical activity and prevention of prostate cancer was sought by reviewing the controversial data from prospective and case-control studies. Possible preventive mechanisms are to be described.

Method

Scientific publications mainly from the past 10 years were reviewed.

Results

Because of the postulated dependence of prostate carcinoma on testosterone, lowering the testosterone concentration by physical activity is of importance and seems to be a possible explanation. According to many studies there is a speculative connection between prostate carcinoma and calcium concentration in blood, parathormone and vitamin D3, and the possibly preventive modulation by physical activity results in another beneficial mechanism. Less specific is the possible increase of the antioxidant capacity of the organism by physical activity. Strength training seems to have adverse effects on testosterone, while possibly yielding a beneficial effect on the immune system.

Conclusion

High intensive physical activity may contribute to the prevention of prostate carcinoma.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Abb. 1
Abb. 2
Abb. 3
Abb. 4
Abb. 5

Literatur

  1. Barnard RJ (2007) Prostate cancer prevention by nutritional means to alleviate metabolic syndrome. Am J Clin Nutrit 86:889–893

    Google Scholar 

  2. Benell KL, Brukner PD, Malcom SA (1996) Effect of altered reproductive function and lowered testosterone levels on bone density in male endurance athletes. Br J Sports Med 30:205–208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Bieger WP (2001) Oxidativer Stress und Alter. Urologe 41:344–350

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Bostwick DG, Burke HB, Djakiew D et al (2004) Human prostate cancer risk factors. Cancer 101:2371–2490

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Brines R, Hoffman-Goetz L, Pedersen BK (1996) Can you exercise to make your immune system fitter? Immunol Today 17:252–254

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Finaud J, Lac G, Filnaire E (2006) Oxidative stress. Relationship with exercise and training. Sports Med 36:327–358

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Friedenreich CM (2001) Physical activity and cancer prevention: from observational to intervention research. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 10:287–301

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Friedenreich CM, Orenstein MR (2002) Physical activity and cancer prevention: etiologic evidence and biological mechanisms. J Nutr 132:3456–3464

    Google Scholar 

  9. Giovannucci E (2003) Nutrition, insulin, insulin-like growth factors and cancer. Horm Metab Res 35:694–704

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Gleeson M (2007) Exercise and inflammation. Immune function in sport and exercise. J Appl Physiol 103:693–699

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Gosslau A, Rensing L (2002) Oxidative stress, age-dependent (correction of age-related) cell damage and antioxidative mechanisms. Z Gerontol Geriatr 35:139–150

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Grant WB (2009) How strong is the evidence that solar ultraviolet B and vitamin D reduce the risk of cancer. Dermatoendocrinol 1:17–24

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Hartman TJ, Albanes D, Rautalahti M et al (1998) Physical activity and prostate cancer in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene (ATBC) Cancer Prevention Study (Finland). Cancer Causes Control 9:11–18

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Hsing AW, Chu LW, Stanczyk FZ (2008) Androgen and prostate cancer. Is the hypothesis dead? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17:2525–2530

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Huggins C, Hodges CV (1941) Studies on prostatic cancer. The effect of castration, of estrogen and androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer Res 1:293–297

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Johnsen NF, Tjønneland A, Thomsen BL et al (2009) Physical activity and risk of prostate cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. Int J Cancer 125:902–908

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Kraemer WJ, Häkkinen K, Newton RU et al (1999) Effects of heavy-resistance training on hormonal response patterns in younger vs. older men. J Appl Physiol 87:982–992

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Lee IM, Sesso HD, Chen JJ, Paffenbarger RS Jr (2001) Does physical activity play a role in the prevention of prostate cancer? Epidemiol Rev 23:132–137

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Lee IM (2003) Physical activity and cancer prevention – data from epidemiologic studies. Med Sci Sports Exerc 35:1823–1827

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Liao J, Schneider A, Datta NS, McCauley LK (2006) Extracellular calcium as a candidate mediator of prostate cancer skeletal metastasis. Cancer Res 66:9065–9073

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Lou YR, Giao S, Talonpoika R et al (2004) The role of vitamin D3 metabolism in prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 92:317–325

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Maïmoun L, Sultan C (2009) Effect of physical activity on calcium homeostasis and calciotropic hormones: a review. Calcif Tissue Int 85:277–286

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. McTiernan A (2008) Mechanisms linking physical activity with cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 8:205–211

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Orsini N, Bellocco R, Bottai M et al (2009) A prospective study of lifetime physical activity and prostate cancer incidence and mortality. Br J Cancer 101:1932–1938

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Pedersen BK, Hoffman-Goetz L (2000) Exercise and the immune system: regulation, integration, and adaptation. Physiol Rev 80:1055–1081

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Polek FC, Weigel NL (2002) Vitamin D and prostate cancer. J Androl 23:9–17

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Ritchie CK, Thomas KG, Andrews LR et al (1997) Effects of the calciotrophic peptides calcitonin and parathyroid hormone on the prostate cancer growth and chemotaxis. Prostate 30:183–187

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Roddam AW, Allen NE, Appleby P et al (2008) Insulin-like growth factors, their binding proteins, and prostate cancer risk: analysis of individual patient data from 12 prospective studies. Ann Intern Med 149:461–471

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Rogers CJ, Colbert LH, Greiner JW et al (2008) Physical activity and cancer prevention: pathways and targets for intervention. Sports Med 38:271–296

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Safarinejad MR, Azma K, Kolahi AA (2009) The effects of intensive, long-term treadmill running on reproductive hormones, hypothalamus-pituitary-testis axis, and semen quality: a randomized controlled study. J Endocrinol 200:259–271

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Sanders JL, Chattopadhyay N, Kifor O et al (2001) Ca2+-sensing receptor expression and PTHrP secretion in PC-3 human prostate cancer cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 281:E1267–E1274

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Schwartz GG (2005) Vitamin D and the epidemiology of prostate cancer. Semin Dial 18:276–289

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Schwartz GG (2008) Prostate cancer, serum parathyroid hormone, and the progression of skeletal metastases. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17:478–483

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Senchina D, Kohut ML (2007) Immunological outcomes of exercise in older adults. Clin Interv Aging 2:3–16

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Severi G, Morris HA, Macinnis RJ et al (2006) Circulating steroid hormones and the risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15:86–91

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Shaneyfelt T, Husein R, Bubley G, Mantzoros CS (2000) Hormonal predictors of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol 18:847–853

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Skinner HG, Schwartz GG (2008) Serum calcium and incident and fatal prostate cancer in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17:2302–2305

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Skinner HG, Schwartz GG (2009) A prospective study of total and ionized serum calcium and fatal prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 18:575–578

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Torti DC, Matheson GO (2004) Exercise and prostate cancer. Sports Med 34:262–269

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Tremblay MS, Copeland JL, Helder W van (2004) Effect of training status and exercise mode on endogenous steroid hormones in men. J Appl Physiol 96:531–539

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Tsugane S, Inoue M (2010) Insulin resistance and cancer: epidemiological evidence. Cancer Sci 101:1073–1079

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Tuohimaa P, Lyakhovich A, Aksenov N et al (2001) Vitamin D and prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 76:125–134

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Tuohimaa P, Tenkanen L, Ahonen M et al (2004) Both high and low levels of blood vitamin D are associated with a higher prostate cancer risk: a longitudinal, nested case-control study in the Nordic countries. Int J Cancer 108:104–108

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Westerlind KC (2003) Physical activity and cancer prevention – mechanisms. Med Sci Sports Exerc 35:1834–1840

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Wiklund F, Lageros YF, Chang E et al (2008) Lifetime total physical activity and prostate cancer risk: a population-based case-control study in Sweden. Eur J Epidemiol 23:739–746

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. WCRF/AICR (2007) Food/physical activity and prevention of cancer: a global perspective. World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research, Washington

Download references

Interessenskonflikte

Der korrespondierende Autor gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Abteilung Sportmedizin, Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Silcherstraße 5, 72076, Tübingen, Deutschland

    H.C. Heitkamp & I. Jelas

Authors
  1. H.C. Heitkamp
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. I. Jelas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to H.C. Heitkamp.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Heitkamp, H., Jelas, I. Körperliche Aktivität zur Primärprävention des Prostatakarzinoms. Urologe 51, 527–532 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-011-2799-9

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-011-2799-9

Schlüsselwörter

Keywords

Search

Navigation