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Immunologie der Harnwege

Urinary tract immunology

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Zusammenfassung

Der Harntrakt des Menschen gehört zu den direkten Kontaktflächen zur Umwelt und repräsentiert eine beeindruckende mechanische Barriere gegen Infektionen. Die direkte Nähe zum Gastrointestinaltrakt mit dem Eindringen von Erregern der Darmflora machen Schutzmaßnahmen erforderlich. Neben dem mechanischen Schutz durch das Urothel und der erfolgreichen Elimination von Bakterien durch den Urinfluss ist das Immunsystem des Harntraktes wesentlich für die Integrität der Harnwege verantwortlich. So gehören die Erkennung von viralen, bakteriellen und parasitären Krankheitserregern zum Schutz der Struktur und Funktion sensibler Organsysteme wie der Nieren zu den Hauptaufgaben des Immunsystems der Harnwege. Eines der Kennzeichen dieses Systems ist seine hohe Vernetzung, Komplexität und Anpassungsfähigkeit. Neben humoralen und zellulären Komponenten des angeborenen Immunsystems („innate immune system“) ist das erworbene Immunsystem in entschiedenem Maße an der Abwehr von Infektionserregern beteiligt.

Abstract

The human urinary tract represents an impressive mechanical barrier against infection. Its immediate anatomical proximity to the gastrointestinal tract predisposes it to invasion and infection by enteric bacteria. Thus the immune system of the urinary tract represents an essential and powerful means to repel bacterial, viral and parasitic intruders, protecting sensitive organ systems such as the kidneys. The innate immune system comprises specific urothelial surface receptors named Toll-like receptors that sense small molecules derived from pathogens and initiate an early immune response. The adaptive immune system encompasses both cellular (T-lymphocytes) and humoral effectors (antibodies). Secretory immunoglobulin A, which mediates the mucosal immune response, is of particular importance. The complex cross-linking for innate and adaptive immune response as well as humoral and cellular effectors is the key to the urinary tract immune system and to its defense against pathogenic microorganisms.

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Correspondence to S. Schubert.

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Schubert, S. Immunologie der Harnwege. Urologe 49, 606–611 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-010-2252-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-010-2252-5

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