Zusammenfassung
Das Harnblasenkarzinom gilt als das fünfthäufigste Malignom in den USA. In Deutschland werden jedes Jahr ca. 25.000 Neuerkrankungen beschrieben. Derzeit steht eine Reihe unterschiedlicher Verfahren zur Diagnosefindung zur Verfügung. Einerseits sind Techniken notwendig, die auf das Vorhandensein eines Urothelkarzinoms hinweisen können, andererseits solche Verfahren, die einen Tumor sicher, in der Regel histologisch, bestätigen können. Der folgende Beitrag soll eine Übersicht über die gegenwärtigen Standards in der Diagnostik geben sowie mögliche vielversprechende neue Verfahren aufzeigen. Als Goldstandard in der Diagnostik des Harnblasenkarzinoms gilt nach wie vor die Kombination aus Urinzytologie in Verbindung mit der Weißlichtendoskopie. Darauf folgen in der Regel die Biopsieentnahme oder eine transurethrale Resektion der Blase. Zur Optimierung der Sensitivität und Verminderung der Residualtumorrate wie auch der Rezidivrate steht seit Kurzem die Fluoreszenzendoskopie als ergänzendes Verfahren zur Weißlichtendoskopie zur Verfügung. Auch uringebundene Markersysteme spielen eine immer wichtiger werdende Rolle in der Diagnostik und Nachsorge von Harnblasenkarzinomen, sind aber derzeit noch nicht als singuläres Verfahren zu empfehlen.
Abstract
Bladder cancer represents the fifth most common malignancy in the US. In Germany we face 25,000 new incidences of urothelial cancers every year. At present a variety of different techniques is available for the diagnosis of bladder cancer. On the one hand techniques are needed that show the possible presence of a tumour and on the other hand procedures that can confirm a lesion to be a tumour, like in most cases histology does. The following article gives an overview of the currently used standards in the diagnosis of urothelial cancer. Also new techniques for diagnosis and surveillance of urothelial cancer are discussed. The combination of white light endoscopy and urine cytology is currently considered the gold standard for diagnosis. Transurethral biopsies or TUR-BT subsequently follow in the case of positive findings. To optimize the sensitivity and lower the recurrence rate as well as the residual tumour rate, fluorescence endoscopy can be used as an additional approach. Also urine-based markers play an important role in the diagnosis and surveillance of urothelial carcinomas, but cannot yet be recommended as a single procedure in the routine diagnosis of bladder tumour.
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Interessenkonflikt
Der korrespondierende Autor weist auf folgende Beziehungen hin: Dr. A. Karl erhielt Honorare für Vorträge und Studienunterstützung von den Firmen GE Healthcare, Photocure ASA und medac GmbH. Trotz des möglichen Interessenkonflikts ist der Beitrag unabhängig und produktneutral.
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Karl, A., Zaak, D., Tilki, D. et al. Diagnostik des Harnblasenkarzinoms. Urologe 47, 357–367 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-008-1675-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-008-1675-8