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Intravesikale Therapie des Overactive-bladder-Syndroms

Intravesical treatment of overactive bladder syndrome

  • Leitthema: Hyperaktive Blase II
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Zusammenfassung

Die „overactive bladder“ (OAB) mit und ohne Harndranginkontinenz wird üblicherweise mit oral verabreichten anticholinergen Medikamenten behandelt. Trotz der Entwicklung von neuen antimuskarinergen Substanzen sind einige Patienten therapierefraktär oder müssen die orale Therapie aufgrund von Nebenwirkungen abbrechen. Eine intravesikale Instillationstherapie stellt für diese Patienten eine alternative Methode zur Therapie ihrer Detrusorhyperaktivität dar. Die intravesikale Instillation von Anticholinergika wie Oxybutynin oder Trospiumchlorid führt zu einer Inhibierung des cholinergen Systems ohne die von der oralen Therapie bekannten Nebenwirkungen. Injektionen von Botulinum-A-Toxin in den Detrusor führen auch über eine Blockierung des efferenten cholinergen Systems zu einer Vergrößerung der funktionellen Blasenkapazität und zu einer Reduktion der Detrusorhyperaktivität für ≥6 Monate.

Intravesikal applizierte Lokalanästhetika wie Lidocain und Bupivacain blocken die Nervenleitung von nicht-myelinisierten afferenten C-Fasern, was in einer Vergrößerung der funktionellen Blasenkapazität resultiert. Auch das intravesikal applizierte Capsaicin und Resiniferatoxin blockieren die afferenten C-Nervenfasern der Harnblase und führen zu einer mehrere Monate andauernden Reduktion der Detrusorhyperaktivität und zu einer vergrößerten Blasenkapazität. Der Einsatz der intravesikalen Anticholinergika und der ebenfalls nur kurzwirksamen Lokalanästhetika ist aber durch die Notwendigkeit des täglich durchzuführenden intermittierenden Katheterismus limitiert. Zusammenfassend stellen intravesikale Therapien alternative Methoden zur Behandlung der OAB/Detrusorhyperaktivität dar.

Abstract

Overactive bladder and urgency incontinence are common conditions generally treated with oral anticholinergic medication. Despite the development of new antimuscarinic substances, many patients are refractory to or cannot tolerate the oral therapy due to severe side effects. Intravesical instillation therapy can provide an alternative method to manage detrusor overactivity. Intravesical instillation of anticholinergics such as oxybutynin and trospium chloride can achieve cholinergic blockade without producing systemic side effects. Botulinum toxin type A injections into the detrusor have been shown to increase bladder capacity and to decrease detrusor overactivity for 6 or more months.

Intravesical local anesthetics such as lidocaine and bupivacaine block the conduction of unmyelinated C fibers which results in an increase of functional bladder capacity. Intravesical capsaicin and resiniferatoxin also affect the afferent C fiber innervation of the bladder, leading to a decrease in detrusor overactivity and also an increased bladder capacity. The use of intravesical anticholinergics and of local anesthetic medications, both known for their short-term efficacy, is limited due to the necessity of daily intermittent catheterization. In conclusion, intravesical therapies can provide an alternative treatment for the management of overactive bladder.

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Haferkamp, A., Hohenfellner, M. Intravesikale Therapie des Overactive-bladder-Syndroms. Urologe 45, 1283–1288 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-006-1178-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-006-1178-4

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