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Nierentrauma

Behandlungsstrategien und Operationsindikationen

Renal trauma

Treatment strategies and indications for surgical exploration

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Zusammenfassung

Nierenverletzungen werden meist durch stumpfe Krafteinwirkungen als Folge von Verkehrs- und Sportunfällen verursacht, die vorwiegend junge Patienten betreffen. Beim stabilen Patienten ist die Computertomographie (CT) die Standardabklärung, die beim stumpfen Trauma im Falle einer makroskopischen Hämaturie durchgeführt werden sollte. Beim offenen Trauma muss jede Form von Hämaturie sowie der alleinige klinische Verdacht aufgrund der Wundlokalisation radiologisch abgeklärt werden.

Nierenverletzungen werden in 5 Schweregrade eingeteilt und stellen in der Mehrheit leichte Verletzungsformen dar. Die Behandlung ist heutzutage meist konservativ. Absolute Operationsindikationen bestehen bei lebensbedrohender Blutung, Nierengefäßstielabrissen sowie bei einem expandierenden retroperitonealen Hämatom.

Große Parenchymdefekte mit Harnaustritt sowie begleitenden Abdominalverletzungen des Pankreas und des Kolons stellen relative Operationsindikationen dar. Chirurgische Revisionen werden häufiger bei offenen Verletzungen durchgeführt. Bei chirurgischer Revision ermöglicht die Kontrolle der Nierengefäße vor Eröffnung der Nierenloge eine signifikante Reduktion der Nephrektomierate.

Abstract

Most renal injuries are blunt, involve a young patient population, and are caused by motor vehicle accidents or sport injuries. Renal trauma is classified into five grades with the majority of injuries being minor. CT scan has become the standard investigation method and should be performed in blunt trauma with macroscopic hematuria. Open trauma requires a radiological work-up in all forms of hematuria and in cases of clinical suspicion due to the wound entrance.

Treatment management of most injuries has become conservative. Absolute indications for surgical revision are persistent life-threatening bleeding, renal pedicle injuries as well as an expanding, pulsatile retroperitoneal hematoma.

Indications become relative in the presence of large devitalized renal tissue with urinary extravasation and other abdominal injuries, particularly of the pancreas and the colon. Surgical revision is more often indicated in open trauma, but surgery should enable renal reconstruction in the majority of cases.

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Correspondence to F. Schmidlin.

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Schmidlin, F. Nierentrauma. Urologe 44, 863–869 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-005-0855-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-005-0855-z

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