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Neue Einblicke in die Rolle der Östrogene und ihrer Rezeptoren im Prostatakarzinom

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Zusammenfassung

In der vorliegenden Übersicht werden neue Befunde über die differenzielle Expression von Östrogenrezeptoren und östrogenregulierter Zielgene in der Prostata und im Prostatakarzinom zusammengefasst und ihre Bedeutung für die Tumorentstehung und Androgenresistenz diskutiert. Die beiden Östrogenrezeptoren α und β (ERα, ERβ) werden in funktionell unterschiedlichen Kompartimenten des Prostataepithels exprimiert; der ERα im Proliferationskompartiment (Basalzellschicht), der ERβ im Differenzierungskompartiment (sekretorisches Epithel).

Bei der malignen Transformation des Prostataepithels (high-grade-prostatische intraepitheliale Neoplasie, HGPIN) verlagert sich die ERα-Expression in das Differenzierungskompartiment und vermittelt als Onkogen kanzerogene Effekte auf das Prostataepithel. Der ERβ, ein potenzieller Tumorsuppressor, geht in der HGPIN partiell verloren, wodurch die protektive Wirkung der Phytoöstrogene auf das transformierte Prostataepithel abgeschwächt wird. Das Prostatakarzinom zeigt unabhängig von Grading und Staging hohe Expressoinsraten des ERβ. Erst im Stadium der Androgenresistenz geht der androgenregulierte ERβ partiell verloren. Im Gegensatz zum Mammakarzinom ist die Expression des klassischen ERα und des Progesteronrezeptors im Prostatakarzinom ein spätes Ereignis in der Tumorprogression und ist maximal in Metastasen und hormonrefraktären Tumoren ausgeprägt. Etwa 30% der metastasierten und androgeninsensitiven Prostatakarzinome zeigen hohe Expressionsraten des ERα regulierten Progesteronrezeptors. Das Antiöstrogen Raloxifen wirkt in androgeninsensitiven Prostatakarzinomzelllinien wachstumsinhibitorisch und induziert dosisabhängig den programmierten Zelltod.

Aufgrund dieser Befunde sind Patienten mit androgeninsensitiven Prostatakarzinomen potentielle Kandidaten für eine Antiöstrogen- bzw. Antigestagentherapie. Klinische Studien müssen die Effizienz einer solchen Therapie prüfen.

Abstract

The present review gives a survey on the differential expression of estrogen receptors alpha and beta (ERα, ERβ) and the progesterone receptor (PR) in human prostate tissue and discusses their potential implications for normal and abnormal prostatic growth. The differentiation compartment of the prostatic epithelium (secretory luminal cells) expresses high levels of ERβ, while the ERα is restricted to the proliferation compartment (basal cells).

In high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN), ERα gene expression extends to luminal cells and thus may mediate cancerogenic effects of estrogens on the dysplastic epithelium. Conversely, the ERβ is downregulated in HGPIN indicating that the chemopreventive effects of phytoestrogens mediated by the ERβ are partially lost. Irrespective of grades and stages, prostate cancer retains high levels of the ERβ, which is partially lost in androgen-insensitive stages of the disease. In contrast with breast cancer, the presence of the ERα and the progesterone receptor (PR) is a late event in prostate cancer progression. At least 30% of metastatic and androgen-insensitive tumors express high levels of the PR indicating that these tumors harbor a functional ERα.

The antiestrogen raloxifene has growth-inhibitory effects on androgen-insensitive prostate cancer cells in vitro and induces apoptotic cell death in a dose-dependent fashion. These data provide a rationale for clinical trials to study the efficiency of antiestrogens in the medical treatment of advanced prostate cancer.

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Danksagung

Mit dankenswerter Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Projekt Bo 1018/2–3.

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Bonkhoff, H., Motherby, H. & Fixemer, T. Neue Einblicke in die Rolle der Östrogene und ihrer Rezeptoren im Prostatakarzinom. Urologe [A] 42, 1594–1601 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-003-0438-9

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