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Sicherheit von Implantaten im Hochfeld- und Ultrahochfeld-MRT

Safety of implants in high field and ultrahigh field MRI

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Es ist davon auszugehen, dass der Anteil an 7‑T-MRT-Systemen für den klinischen Einsatz in Zukunft weiter ansteigen wird. Dies wird den Anwender mehr und mehr mit der Frage der Implantatsicherheit konfrontieren, da bislang erst sehr wenige medizinische Implantate für die 7‑T-MRT sicherheitstechnisch evaluiert wurden.

Methode

Wenn auch prinzipiell die gleichen Wechselwirkungsmechanismen mit magnetisierbarem und elektrisch leitfähigem Material bei 7 T wie auch bei niedrigerer magnetischer Feldstärke gelten, so gibt es doch einige Unterschiede, die gerade im Hinblick auf die Implantatsicherheit für eine fundierte Risiko-Nutzen-Analyse relevant sind. Nach einem generellen Überblick zu den technischen Unterschieden zwischen 3 und 7 T richtet sich der Fokus in den Sicherheitsbetrachtungen verstärkt auf die Wechselwirkung von Implantaten mit den HF-Sendefeldern sowie auf mögliche Lösungsansätze, um den Zugang zur 7‑T-MRT zu ermöglichen.

Praxisrelevante Ergebnisse

Neben der Kraftwirkung am 7‑T-MRT, die bis zu 2,3-mal stärker ausfallen kann als am 3‑T-MRT, stellen potenzielle Gewebeerwärmungen durch die höherfrequenten HF-Pulse eine großes Gefährdungspotenzial dar. Die kritische Länge der Implantate für Resonanzeffekte beträgt bei 7 T etwa 5 cm. Anders als bei 3 T sind 7‑T-MRT-Systeme längst nicht so standardisiert und können sich insbesondere in der Wahl der HF-Sendespule stark unterscheiden. Sicherheitstests an Implantaten sind daher stets kritisch zu hinterfragen und die Anwendbarkeit auf den jeweiligen Expositionsfall zu diskutieren. Für nichtmagnetisierbare Implantate ohne dedizierten Sicherheitstest bei 7 T, die aber als 3 T bedingt MR sicher gelten und einen gewissen Mindestabstand zur HF-Sendespule haben, gibt es eine Empfehlung des nationalen Netzwerks GUFI.

Abstract

Background

It can be expected that the number of 7 T MRI systems for clinical use will increase in the future. On the other hand, almost no medical implant has been labeled MR conditional for 7 T, so far, leaving the question of implant safety unanswered to the MR operator.

Methods

In principle, the same interactions between magnetizable and electric conductive material apply at 7 T as known at lower magnetic field strengths. However, there are a few important differences that need to be taken into account to perform a profound risk–benefit analysis. After a more general introduction of technical differences between 3 and 7 T systems, the article will focus mainly on safety assessments with regard to interactions between implant and radiofrequency (RF) transmit fields. In addition, strategies to ensure access at 7 T will be discussed.

Results of practical relevance

Besides hazards due to the magnetic force which can be up to 2.3 times stronger at 7 T compared to 3 T, increased risks of RF-induced tissue heating are the most critical aspects. The resonant-length of an implant at 7 T is about 5 cm. Other than at 3 T, MR systems at 7 T are less standardized. Especially with regard to the RF transmit coil and transmission methods used, substantial differences need to be expected. Hence, it is important to critically question published safety assessments of implants and to have a thorough discussion about how this relates to the individual exposure scenario. For nonmagnetic implants without a dedicated 7 T safety evaluation, but which are 3 T MR conditional and have a certain minimum distance to the RF transmit coil, a consensus recommendation from the national network German Ultrahigh Field Imaging (GUFI) may be helpful.

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Danksagung

Die Autoren danken Y. Noureddine für die Hilfe bei der Erstellung von Abbildungen.

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Correspondence to O. Kraff.

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Interessenkonflikt

O. Kraff und H.H. Quick geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Für diesen Beitrag wurden von den Autoren keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren durchgeführt. Für die aufgeführten Studien gelten die jeweils dort angegebenen ethischen Richtlinien.

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Kraff, O., Quick, H.H. Sicherheit von Implantaten im Hochfeld- und Ultrahochfeld-MRT. Radiologe 59, 898–905 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00117-019-0556-z

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