Skip to main content
Log in

Ganzkörperdiagnostik beim malignen Melanom

Vorteile, Grenzen und aktueller Stellenwert von PET-CT, GK-MRT und PET-MRT

Whole-body staging of malignant melanoma

Advantages, limitations and current importance of PET-CT, whole-body MRI and PET-MRI

  • Leitthema
  • Published:
Der Radiologe Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Schnittbildmethoden sind heute der Standard bei der Ausbreitungsdiagnostik ab Stadium III des malignen Melanoms. Das frühere zeit- und kostenaufwendige multimodale Konzept wird heute durch Ganzkörper(GK)-Stagingmethoden, wie die 18F-Fluordeoxyglukose(FDG)-Positronenemissionstomographie(PET)-CT und GK-MRT zunehmend ersetzt, da diese Methoden eine GK-Untersuchung in vertretbarer Zeit mit hoher diagnostischer Genauigkeit bieten. Zahlreiche Studien belegen die hohe Sensitivität (> 85 %) und Spezifität (> 90 %) der FDG-PET-CT beim Nachweis von Melanommetastasen, welche die Treffsicherheit der konventionellen Stagingmethoden, insbesondere der CT, übertreffen und bis zu einem Drittel der Fälle zu einer Änderung des therapeutischen Managements führen. Dies gilt insbesondere für das Staging vor einer kurativen Metastasenchirurgie. Die begrenzte Sensitivität der PET für Läsionen kleiner als 1 cm und die mangelnde Fähigkeit, mikroskopische Metastasen zu entdecken, limitieren den Nutzen der PET-CT für Patienten mit Melanom im Stadium I und II. Bei fehlender praktischer und ökonomischer Verfügbarkeit der PET-CT können im klinischen Alltag die GK-CT oder GK-MRT alternativ eingesetzt werden. Die GK-MRT einschließlich Diffusionswichtung („diffusion-weighted imaging“, DWI) hat sich zu einer konkurrenzfähigen Alternative zur PET-CT entwickelt, prospektive vergleichende Studien sind allerdings noch selten und weisen zudem kleine Fallzahlen und ein heterogenes Studiendesign auf. Betrachtet man die Genauigkeit der beiden Methoden, bezogen auf die verschiedenen Metastasenlokalisationen, wird deutlich, dass Sensitivität und Spezifität von PET-CT und GK-MRT organabhängig differieren. Es zeigen sich Vorteile der PET-CT in der Detektion von Lymphknoten-, Weichteil- und Lungenmetastasen und eine Überlegenheit der MRT für Hirn-, Leber- und Knochenläsionen. Der Stellenwert der PET-MRT für die Ausbreitungsdiagnostik beim Melanom wird derzeit in klinischen Studien geprüft.

Abstract

Cross-sectional imaging methods are currently the standard methods for staging of advanced melanoma. The former time-consuming and expensive multimodality approach is increasingly being replaced by novel whole-body (WB) staging methods, such as 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG-PET-CT) and whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WBMRI) because they offer a complete head-to-toe coverage of the patient in a single examination with an accurate and sensitive detection of tumor spread. Several studies in patients with advanced melanoma revealed that PET-CT is more sensitive and specific than conventional modalities, such as CT alone resulting in a change of management in up to 30 % of cases. Due to the limited sensitivity of PET for lesions smaller than 1 cm, PET-CT is not useful for the initial work-up of patients with stage I and II melanoma but has proven to be superior for detection of distant metastases, which is essential prior to surgical metastasectomy. If PET-CT is not available WB-CT or WB-MRI can alternatively be used and WB-MRI including diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) has become a real alternative for staging of melanoma patients. So far, however, only few reports suffering from small numbers of cases and heterogeneous design have compared the diagnostic performance of WB-MRI and PET-CT. The preliminary results indicate a high overall diagnostic accuracy of both methods; however, these methods differ in organ-based detection rates: PET-CT was more accurate in N-staging and detection of lung and soft tissue metastases whereas WB-MRI was superior in detecting liver, bone and brain metastases. The value of PET-MRI for staging of advanced melanoma is the subject of ongoing clinical studies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Abb. 1
Abb. 2
Abb. 3
Abb. 4

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.

Literatur

  1. Antoch G, Vogt FM, Bockisch A et al (2004) Whole-body tumor staging: MRI or FDG-PET/CT? Radiologe 44:882–888

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Bastiaannet E, Wobbes T, Hoekstra OS et al (2009) Prospective comparison of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and computed tomography in patients with melanoma with palpable lymph node metastases: diagnostic accuracy and impact on treatment. J Clin Oncol 27:4774–4780

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Bastiaannet E, Uyl-de Groot CA, Brouwers AH et al (2012) Cost-effectiveness of adding FDG-PET or CT to the diagnostic work-up of patients with stage III melanoma. Ann Surg 255:771–776

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Bronstein Y, Ng CS, Rohren E et al (2012) PET/CT in the management of patients with stage IIIC and IV metastatic melanoma considered candidates for surgery: evaluation of the additive value after conventional imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 198:902–908

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Buchbender C, Heusner TA, Lauenstein TC et al (2012) Oncologic PET/MRI, part 2: bone tumors, soft-tissue tumors, melanoma, and lymphoma. J Nucl Med 53:1244–1252

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Danielsen M, Højgaard L, Kjær A, Fischer BM (2013) Positron emission tomography in the follow-up of cutaneous malignant melanoma patients: a systematic review. Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 4:17–28

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Finkelstein SE, Carrasquillo JA, Hoffman JM et al (2004) A prospective analysis of positron emission tomography and conventional imaging for detection of stage IV metastatic melanoma in patients undergoing metastasectomy. Ann Surg Oncol 11:731–738

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Friedman KP, Wahl RL (2004) Clinical use of positron emission tomography in the management of cutaneous melanoma. Semin Nucl Med 34:242–253

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Fuster D, Chiang S, Johnson G et al (2004) Is 18F-FDG-PET more accurate than standard diagnostic procedures in the detection of suspected recurrent melanoma? J Nucl Med 45:1323–1327

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Gulec SA, Faries MB, Lee CC et al (2003) The role of fluorine-18 deoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the management of patients with metastatic melanoma: impact on surgical decision making. Clin Nucl Med 28:961–965

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Harris MT, Berlangieri SU, Cebon JS et al (2005) Impact of 2-Deoxy-2[F-18]Fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography on the management of patients with advanced melanoma. Mol Imaging Biol 7:304–308

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Hausmann D, Jochum S, Utikal J et al (2011) Comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of whole-body MRI and whole-body CT in stage III/IV malignant melanoma. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 9:212–222

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Jiménez-Requena F, Delgado-Bolton RC, Fernández-Pérez C et al (2010) Meta-analysis of the performance of (18)F-FDG PET in cutaneous melanoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 37:284–300

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Jouvet JC, Thomas L, Thomson V et al (2013) Whole-body MRI with diffusion-weighted sequences compared with 18 FDG PET-CT, CT and superficial lymph node ultrasonography in the staging of advanced cutaneous melanoma: a prospective study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. doi:10.1111/jdv.12078 (Epub ahead of print)

  15. Krug B, Crott R, Lonneux M et al (2008) Role of PET in the initial staging of cutaneous malignant melanoma: systematic review. Radiology 249:836–844

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Krug B, Crott R, Roch I et al (2010) Cost-effectiveness analysis of FDG PET-CT in the management of pulmonary metastases from malignant melanoma. Acta Oncol 49:192–200

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Laurent V, Trausch G, Bruot O et al (2010) Comparative study of two whole-body imaging techniques in the case of melanoma metastases: advantages of multi-contrast MRI examination including a diffusion-weighted sequence in comparison with PET-CT. Eur J Radiol 75:376–383

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Mosavi F, Ullenhag G, Ahlstrom H (2013) Whole-body MRI including diffusion-weighted imaging compared to CT for staging of malignant melanoma. Ups J Med Sci 118:91–97

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Muller-Horvat C, Radny P, Eigentler TK et al (2006) Prospective comparison of the impact on treatment decisions of whole-body magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma. Eur J Cancer 42:342–350

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Petralia G, Padhani A, Summers P et al (2013) Whole-body diffusion-weighted imaging: is it all we need for detecting metastases in melanoma patients? Eur Radiol 23:3466–3476

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Pfannenberg C, Aschoff P, Schanz S et al (2007) Prospective comparison of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography and whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in staging of advanced malignant melanoma. Eur J Cancer 43:557–564

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Pflugfelder A, Kochs C, Blum A et al (2013) S3-guideline „diagnosis, therapy and follow-up of melanoma“ – short version. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 11:563–602

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Pfluger T, Melzer HI, Schneider V et al (2011) PET/CT in malignant melanoma: contrast-enhanced CT versus plain low-dose CT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 38:822–831

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Prichard RS, Hill ADK, Skehan SJ, O’Higgins NJ (2002) Positron emission tomography for staging and management of malignant melanoma. Br J Surg 89:389–396

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Rueth NM, Xing Y, Chiang YJ et al (2014) Is surveillance imaging effective for detecting surgically treatable recurrences in patients with melanoma? A comparative analysis of stage-specific surveillance strategies. Ann Surg 259:1215–1222

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Schmidt GP, Baur-Melnyk A, Herzog P et al (2005) High-resolution whole-body magnetic resonance image tumor staging with the use of parallel imaging versus dual-modality positron emission tomography-computed tomography: experience on a 32-channel system. Invest Radiol 40:743–753

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Steinert HC, Huch Böni RA, Buck A et al (1995) Malignant melanoma: staging with whole-body positron emission tomography and 2-(F-18)-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose. Radiology 195:705–709

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Strobel K, Dummer R, Husarik DB et al (2007) High-risk melanoma: accuracy of FDG PET/CT with added CT morphologic information for detection of metastases. Radiology 244:566–574

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Tyler DS, Onaitis M, Kherani A et al (2000) Positron emission tomography scanning in malignant melanoma. Cancer 89:1019–1025

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Xing Y, Bronstein Y, Ross MI et al (2011) Contemporary diagnostic imaging modalities for the staging and surveillance of melanoma patients: a meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst 103:129–142

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. C. Pfannenberg und N. Schwenzer geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to C. Pfannenberg.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Pfannenberg, C., Schwenzer, N. Ganzkörperdiagnostik beim malignen Melanom. Radiologe 55, 120–126 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00117-014-2762-z

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00117-014-2762-z

Schlüsselwörter

Keywords

Navigation