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Funktionelle Neuroanatomie: Sensomotorisches System

Functional neuroanatomy: sensorimotor system

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Zusammenfassung

Der sensomotorische Informationsfluss im Zentralnervensystem (ZNS) kann in 3 Schritte gegliedert werden: Wahrnehmung, Verarbeitung und Reaktion. Umweltreize werden über Rezeptoren in das ZNS geleitet. Die im somatosensiblen Kortex ankommenden Reize werden über eine komplexe Interaktion zwischen sensorischem und motorischem Kortex verarbeitet. Die motorische Reaktion auf den Umweltreiz wird dann vom Motorkortex über Pyramidenbahn, Rückenmarksbahnen und motorische Nerven an den entsprechenden Muskel weitergeleitet.

Mit der funktionellen MRT (fMRT) ist es möglich, somatosensible und motorische Aktivierung in den verschiedenen beteiligten Hirngebieten zu untersuchen. Klinisch wird diese Information genutzt, um die räumliche Lagebeziehung zwischen Hirntumoren und funktionell bedeutsamen Hirngebieten zu bestimmen und so ein individuell optimiertes therapeutisches Vorgehen zu ermöglichen, mit dem Ziel einer möglichst radikalen Tumorentfernung unter Erhalt motorischer und somatosensibler Funktionen. Weiter ist es möglich, pathologische Veränderungen in der Hirnaktivierung zu erfassen. In dieser Arbeit werden die funktionellen somatosensorischen und motorischen Systeme beschrieben und ein Einblick in das Potenzial der fMRT gegeben.

Abstract

The sensorimotor flow of information can be divided in three steps: perception, processing and reaction. Environmental impulses are conducted through receptors to the central nervous system (CNS). The impulses arriving in the somatosensory cortex are processed through complex interactions between sensory and motor areas. The motor action in response to the environmental changes is transferred from the motor cortex via the pyramidal tract, spinal tracts and motor neurons to the respective muscles. With functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) it is possible to assess somatosensory and motor activation in the different cortical areas involved. Clinically, this information is used to assess the local relationship between brain tumors and functionally important areas. This is important to ensure an optimal individual therapeutic approach with the aim of an as radical as possible tumor resection with preservation of the motor and somatosensory functions. Furthermore, fMRI enables the evaluation of pathological changes of cerebral activation. This review describes the functional somatosensory and motor systems and gives an insight into the potential of fMRI.

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  1. Abteilung für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Neuroradiologie, Klinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Universitätsspital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Schweiz

    M. Garcia & C. Stippich

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  1. M. Garcia
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  2. C. Stippich
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Correspondence to M. Garcia.

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Garcia, M., Stippich, C. Funktionelle Neuroanatomie: Sensomotorisches System. Radiologe 53, 584–591 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00117-013-2483-8

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