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Kardiomyopathien und Myokarditis

Cardiomyopathies and myocarditis

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Zusammenfassung

Klinisches Problem

Kardiomyopathien und Myokarditiden stellen im klinischen Alltag häufig eine Herausforderung hinsichtlich Differenzierung, Risikostratifizierung und Therapieführung dar. Es gibt zahlreiche Differenzialdiagnosen, die Erkrankungen betreffen häufig junge Patienten oder Menschen im mittleren Lebensalter, und ihr Verlauf ist sehr variabel – von asymptomatisch und nicht prognoserelevant bis zu plötzlichem Herztod oder schwerer Herzinsuffizienz bereits in jungen Jahren. Für die Prognose der Patienten ist es entscheidend wichtig, dass frühzeitig die richtige Diagnose gestellt und eine adäquate Behandlung eingeleitet wird.

Therapeutische Standardverfahren

Während für einige Formen von Kardiomyopathien kausale Therapieoptionen bestehen, kommen für den Großteil der Betroffenen allgemeine Maßnahmen der Herzinsuffizienz- und Devicetherapie in Frage. Andere wiederum benötigen keinerlei Intervention, jedoch aufmerksames Monitoring.

Diagnostik

Die Diagnosestellung einer Kardiomyopathie basiert überwiegend auf dem kardialen Phänotyp. Daher kommt der nichtinvasiven Bildgebung eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Die kardiovaskuläre Magnetresonanztomographie hat sich zum Goldstandard bei der Beurteilung von Kardiomyopathien entwickelt. Sie vereint funktionelle Informationen (z. B. Wandbewegung) mit der myokardialen Gewebeanalyse (z. B. Fibrose, Ödem). In einigen Fällen kann sie daher die invasive endomyokardiale Biopsie ersetzen.

Leistungsfähigkeit

Die besondere Bedeutung der kardiovaskulären Magnetresonanztomographie zur Beurteilung von Kardiomyopathien beruht auf:

  • akkurate Analyse kardialer Dimension und Funktion;

  • nichtinvasive Gewebeanalyse zur Diagnosestellung (z. B. Myokarditis);

  • Prognoseabschätzung mittels nichtinvasiver Gewebeanalyse;

  • hohe Reproduzierbarkeit für valide Verlaufskontrollen,

  • Potenzial für technische Weiterentwicklungen (z. B. Quantifizierung des Extrazellulärvolumens mittels T1-Mapping).

Bewertung

Die kardiovaskuläre Magnetresonanztomographie kann bei allen Formen von Kardiomyopathien die Differenzierung, Risikostratifizierung und Therapieführung beeinflussen. Bei einigen Formen ist der Einsatz in der klinischen Praxis bereits durch Evidenz belegt (z. B. Myokarditis), bei anderen deuten erste Ergebnisse zukünftiges Potenzial an (z. B. Risikostratifizierung bei hypertropher Kardiomyopathie).

Empfehlung für die Praxis

Die kardiovaskuläre Magnetresonanztomographie hat sich zum Goldstandard bei der Beurteilung von Kardiomyopathien entwickelt, da sie funktionelle und morphologische Informationen über das Myokard vereint. Es wird empfohlen, diese Technik bei Kardiomyopathien in einem umfassenden diagnostischen Ansatz zu verwenden.

Abstract

Clinical issue

Cardiomyopathies and myocarditis are frequently challenging in clinical practice regarding differentiation, risk stratification and treatment strategy. There are various disease entities which often affect young or middle-aged adults and the course is variable from asymptomatic and irrelevant for prognosis to sudden cardiac death or severe heart failure even at an early age. Making the right diagnosis is therefore fundamental to correctly identify affected patients and to initiate treatment steps in time.

Standard treatment

Whereas causal treatment options exist for some forms of cardiomyopathy, the majority of patients receives standard heart failure and device therapy but others require lifelong careful monitoring.

Diagnostic work-up

The diagnosis of cardiomyopathy is mainly based on the cardiac phenotype; therefore, non-invasive imaging is very important. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance has become the gold standard to assess cardiomyopathy as it combines functional information (e.g. wall motion) with myocardial tissue analysis (e.g. fibrosis and edema) and in some cases it can replace invasive endomyocardial biopsies.

Performance

The importance of cardiovascular magnetic resonance to assess cardiomyopathy is based on several aspects:

  • accurate analysis of cardiac dimensions and function,

  • non-invasive tissue analysis to make the diagnosis (e.g. myocarditis),

  • estimation of prognosis by non-invasive tissue analysis,

  • high reproducibility for accurate follow-up examinations,

  • potential for technical improvements (e.g. quantification of extracellular volume fraction by T1 mapping).

Achievements

In all types of cardiomyopathy, cardiovascular magnetic resonance has a major impact on the differential diagnosis, risk stratification and treatment. In some entities the appropriate clinical use is already confirmed by evidence (e.g. myocarditis) and in others there are first encouraging results that indicate the future potential (e.g. risk stratification in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy).

Practical recommendations

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance has evolved as the gold standard to assess cardiomyopathy as it provides both functional and morphological information. It is recommended to use this technique in a comprehensive approach to achieve complete work-up of affected patients.

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Correspondence to F. von Knobelsdorff-Brenkenhoff.

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von Knobelsdorff-Brenkenhoff, F., Schulz-Menger, J. Kardiomyopathien und Myokarditis. Radiologe 53, 8–14 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00117-012-2380-6

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