Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Morphologie und funktionelle Anatomie des wachsenden Thorax

  • Der kindliche Thorax
  • Published:
Der Radiologe Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Die Morphogenese mancher thorakaler Strukturen und Organe ist zum Zeitpunkt der Geburt noch nicht vollständig abgeschlossen. Ihr postpartales Wachstum geht mit teils enormen strukturellen, morphologischen und funktionellen Veränderungen einher. Die hier präsentierte Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über morphologische, topologische und funktionelle Besonderheiten der Anatomie des Thorax und seiner Organe im Neonatus, Säugling, Kind und Jugendlichen. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf der Beschreibung der Entwicklung der Brustdrüse, des knöchernen Thorax, des Thymus, des Herzen und der Lunge. Die vorgestellten Daten stammen großteils aus Post-mortem-Studien und dienen vorwiegend dazu, das Ausmaß wachstumsassoziierter Veränderungen und Relationen zu illustrieren.

Abstract

Morphogenesis of most thoracic organs and structures is not finished with birth but perpetuates in postnatal life. The postnatal growth is partly associated with enormous changes in structure, morphology, and function. Our study presents an overview of morphological, topological and functional peculiarities of thoracic anatomy during infancy, childhood and adolescence. It focuses on the development of the mammary gland, osseous structures of the chest wall, thymus, heart, and lungs. Most of the presented data are based on post-mortem studies. Measurements and numerical data are mainly included for illustration of growth-associated changes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Abb. 1a-d

Literatur

  1. Ebel KD, Willich E, Richter E (1995) Differentialdiagnostik in der Pädiatrischen Radiologie, Bd 2: Thorax, Mediastinum, Herz, Große Gefäße, Abdomen, Urogenitaltrakt. Thieme, Stuttgart

  2. Patten BM (1953) Human embryology, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York Toronto London

  3. Anbazhagan R, Bartek J, Monaghan P, Gusterson BA (1991) Growth and development of the human infant breast. Am J Anat 192(4):407–417

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Marshall WA, Tanner JM (1969) Variations in pattern of pubertal changes in girls. Arch Dis Child 44(235):291–303

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Sadler TW (2000) Embryology of the sternum. Chest Surg Clin N Am 10(2):237–244

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Töndury G, Tillmann B (1987) Anatomie des Menschen, Bd I: Bewegungsapparat. In: Leonhardt H, Tillmann B, Töndury G, Zilles K (Hrsg) Thieme, Stuttgart New York

  7. Robacki B, Iaru L, Robacki R (1977) Somatic development of infants from birth till school age. Verh Anat Ges 71:31–41

    Google Scholar 

  8. Sager G (1984) Chest circumference of East German children in mathematical analysis. Anat Anz 156(1):65–74

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Reinken L, Stolley H, Droese W, van Oost G (1980) Longitudinal data of physical growth of healthy children. IV. Shoulder breadth, thorax breadth, thorax depth, hand breadth, 2 pelvic and epicondylic breadths of children aged 2.5 to 15 years (author’s transl). Klin Padiatr 192(6):551–558

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Benz-Bohm G, Mödder U (1997) Kinderradiologie. Thieme, Stuttgart

  11. Klimt F, Schwalbe D (1979) The sagittal and transverse thoracic diameter in children in the pre-school age (author’s transl). Klin Padiatr 191(1):72–77

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Pfeil J (2002) Spinal growth under physiological and pathological conditions. Orthopäde 31(1):2–10

    Google Scholar 

  13. Hanson R (1926) On the development of spinal vertebrae, as seen on skiagrams, from late foetal life to the age of fourteen. Acta Radiol 5:112–126

    Google Scholar 

  14. Knutsson F (1961) Growth and differentiation of the postnatal vertebra. Acta Radiol 55:401–408

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. von Gaudecker B (1991) Functional histology of the human thymus. Anat Embryol 183(1):1–15

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. O‘Rahilly R, Müller F (1999) Embryologie und Teratologie des Menschen. Huber, Bern

  17. Goldstein G, Mackay IR (1969) The human thymus. Heinemann Medical Books, London

  18. Williams PL, Warwick R, Dyson M, Bannister LH (1989) Gray‘s Anatomy. In: Williams PL, Warwick R, Dyson M, Bannister LH (eds) 37th edn. Churchill Livingstone, Edingburgh London Melbourne New York

  19. von Gaudecker B (1977) Progressive widening of the mesodermal perivascular space in human thymus. Verh Anat Ges 71:783–787

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. van de Wijngaert FP, Kendall MD, Schuurman HJ, Rademakers LH, Kater L (1984) Heterogeneity of epithelial cells in the human thymus. An ultrastructural study. Cell Tissue Res 237(2):227–237

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. von Lüdinghausen M, Nüsslein D, Kohler P, Anastasiades P (1977) Age changes in blood vessels of human thymus. A morphometric, macroscopic and histological study. Verh Anat Ges 71:281–289

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Tanegashima A, Yamashita A, Yamamoto H, Fukunaga T (1999) Human parathymic lymph node: morphological and functional significance. Immunology 97(2):301–308

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. de Geer G, Webb WR, Gamsu G (1986) Normal thymus: assessment with MR and CT. Radiology 158(2):313–317

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Francis IR, Glazer GM, Bookstein FL, Gross BH (1985) The thymus: reexamination of age-related changes in size and shape. AJR Am J Roentgenol 145(2):249–254

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Adam EJ, Ignotus PI (1993) Sonography of the thymus in healthy children: frequency of visualization, size, and appearance. AJR Am J Roentgenol 161(1):153–155

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Han BK, Babcock DS, Oestreich AE (1989) Normal thymus in infancy: sonographic characteristics. Radiology 170(2):471–474

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Siegel MJ, Glazer HS, Wiener JI, Molina PL (1989) Normal and abnormal thymus in childhood: MR imaging. Radiology 172(2):367–371

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Prentice AM, Collinson AC (2000) Does breastfeeding increase thymus size? Acta Paediatr 89(1):8–12

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Kendall MD, Johnson HR, Singh J (1980) The weight of the human thymus gland at necropsy. J Anat 131(3):483–497

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Harvey RP (2002) Patterning the vertebrate heart. Nat Rev Genet 3(7):544–556

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Coppoletta JM, Wolbach SB (1933) Body length and organ weights of infants and children. Am J Pathol 9:55–70

    Google Scholar 

  32. Schulz DM, Giordano DA (1962) Hearts of infants and children. Arch Pathol 74:464–471

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Sahn DJ, Lange LW, Allen HD, Goldberg SJ, Anderson C, Giles H, Haber K (1980) Quantitative real-time cross-sectional echocardiography in the developing normal humam fetus and newborn. Circulation 62(3):588–597

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Patten BM, Toulmin K (1930) Certain measurements of the fetal heart and their significance. Anat Rec 45:235

    Google Scholar 

  35. Brezinka C, Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Wladimiroff JW (1993) The fetal ductus arteriosus, a review. Zentralbl Gynäkol 115(10):423–432

    Google Scholar 

  36. Gittenberger-de Groot AC, van Ertbruggen I, Moulaert AJ, Harinck E (1980) The ductus arteriosus in the preterm infant: histologic and clinical observations. J Pediatr 96(1):88–93

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Slomp J, Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Glukhova MA, Conny van Munsteren J, Kockx MM, Schwartz SM, Koteliansky VE (1997) Differentiation, dedifferentiation, and apoptosis of smooth muscle cells during the development of the human ductus arteriosus. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17(5):1003–1009

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Scammon RE, Norris EH (1918) On the time of the post-natal obliteration of the fetal blood-passages (foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, ductus venosus). Anat Rec 15(4):165–180

    Google Scholar 

  39. Tandler J (1913) Anatomie des Herzens. Fischer, Jena

  40. Patten BM (1931) The closure of the foramen ovale. Am J Anat 48(1):19–44

    Google Scholar 

  41. Hagen PT, Scholz DG, Edwards WD (1984) Incidence and size of patent foramen ovale during the first 10 decades of life: an autopsy study of 65 normal hearts. Mayo Clin Proc 59(1):17–20

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Seib GA (1934) Incidence of the patent foramen ovale cordis in adult American whites and American negroes. Am J Anat 55(3):511–525

    Google Scholar 

  43. Sinclair D (1969) Human growth after birth. Oxford University Press, London New York Toronto

  44. Scholz DG, Kitzman DW, Hagen PT, Ilstrup DM, Edwards WD (1988) Age-related changes in normal human hearts during the first 10 decades of life. Part I (growth): a quantitative anatomic study of 200 specimens from subjects from birth to 19 years old. Mayo Clin Proc 63(2):126–136

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Schieken RM, Schwartz PF, Goble MM (1998) Tracking of left ventricular mass in children: race and sex comparisons: the MCV Twin Study. Medical College of Virginia. Circulation 97(19):1901–1906

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Smith HL (1928) The relation of the weight of the heart to the weight of the body and of the weight of the heart to age. Am Heart J 4:79–93

    Google Scholar 

  47. Ogiu N, Nakamura Y, Ijiri I, Hiraiwa K, Ogiu T (1997) A statistical analysis of the internal organ weights of normal Japanese people. Health Phys 72(3):368–383

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. De la Cruz MV, Anselmi G, Romero A, Monroy G (1960) A qualitative and quantitative study of the ventricles and great vessels of normal children. Am Heart J 60(5):675–690

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Perloff JK (1982) Development and regression of increased ventricular mass. Am J Cardiol 50(3):605–611

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. de Simone G, Devereux RB, Daniels SR, Meyer RA (1995) Gender differences in left ventricular growth. Hypertension 26:979–983

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Goble MM, Mosteller M, Moskowitz WB, Schieken RM (1992) Sex differences in the determinants of left ventricular mass in childhood. The Medical College of Virginia Twin Study. Circulation 85(5):1661–1665

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Rosenquist GC, Sweeney LJ, Ruckman RN, McAllister HA (1979) Atrial septal thickness and area in normal heart specimens and in those with ostium secundum atrial septal defects. J Clin Ultrasound 7(5):345–348

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Francalanci P, Drago F, Agostino DA, Di Liso G, Di Ciommo V, Boldrini R, Ragonese P, Bosman C (1998) Koch’s triangle in pediatric age: correlation with extra- and intracardiac parameters. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 21(8):1576–1579

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Tschanz SA, Burri PH (1999) Prä- und postnatale Entwicklung und Wachstum der Lunge. In: Rieger C, von der Hardt H, Sennhauser FH, Wahn U, Zach M (Hrsg) Pädiatrische Pneumologie. Thieme, Stuttgart New York

  55. Hislop A, Reid L (1974) Development of the acinus in the human lung. Thorax 29(1):90–94

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Dunnill MS (1982) The problem of lung growth. Thorax 37(8):561–563

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Wailoo MP, Emery JL (1982) Normal growth and development of the trachea. Thorax 37(8):584–587

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Emery JL (1970) The post natal development of the human lung and its implications for lung pathology. Respiration 27:41–50

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Hislop A, Muir DC, Jacobsen M, Simon G, Reid L (1972) Postnatal growth and function of the pre-acinar airways. Thorax 27(3):265–274

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Tschernig T, Debertin AS, Paulsen F, Kleemann WJ, Pabst R (2001) Dendritic cells in the mucosa of the human trachea are not regularly found in the first year of life. Thorax 56(6):427–431

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Tschernig T, Kleemann WJ, Pabst R (1995) Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) in the lungs of children who had died from sudden infant death syndrome and other causes. Thorax 50(6):658–660

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Hiller AS, Tschernig T, Kleemann WJ, Pabst R (1998) Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) and larynx-associated lymphoid tissue (LALT) are found at different frequencies in children, adolescents and adults. Scand J Immunol 47(2):159–162

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Van Muylem A, Paiva M, Baran D, Yernault JC (1996) Structural change of the acinus during growth assessed by single-breath tracer gas washouts. Pediatr Pulmonol 22(4):230–235

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Thurlbeck WM (1982) Postnatal human lung growth. Thorax 37(8):564–571

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Cooney TP, Thurlbeck WM (1982) The radial alveolar count method of Emery and Mithal: a reappraisal 1— postnatal lung growth. Thorax 37(8):572–579

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Osborne DR, Effmann EL, Hedlund LW (1983) Postnatal growth and size of the pulmonary acinus and secondary lobule in man. AJR Am J Roentgenol 140(3):449–454

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Rosenthal M, Cramer D, Bain SH, Denison D, Bush A, Warner JO (1993) Lung function in white children aged 4 to 19 years: II—single breath analysis and plethysmography. Thorax 48(8):803–808

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Rosenthal M, Bain SH, Cramer D, Helms P, Denison D, Bush A, Warner JO (1993) Lung function in white children aged 4 to 19 years: I—spirometry. Thorax 48(8):794–802

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Integrative Morphology Group—Institut für Anatomie, Unversität Wien

    W. J. Weninger, S. Meng, S. H. Geyer & S. U. G. Weninger

  2. Integrative Morphology Group—Institut für Anatomie, Universität Wien, Währingerstr. 13, 1090 , Wien, Österreich

    W. J. Weninger

Authors
  1. W. J. Weninger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. S. Meng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. S. H. Geyer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. S. U. G. Weninger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to W. J. Weninger.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Weninger, W.J., Meng, S., Geyer, S.H. et al. Morphologie und funktionelle Anatomie des wachsenden Thorax. Radiologe 43, 1036–1044 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00117-003-0985-5

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00117-003-0985-5

Schlüsselwörter

Keywords

Search

Navigation