Amato MP, Ponziani G, Pracucci G, Bracco L, Siracusa G, Amaducci L (1995) Cognitive impairment in early-onset multiple sclerosis: pattern, predictors, and impact on everyday life in a 4-year follow-up. Arch Neurol 52:168–172
CAS
Article
Google Scholar
Amato MP, Zipoli V, Portaccio E (2008) Cognitive changes in multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Neurother 8:1585–1596
Article
Google Scholar
Amato MP, Prestipino E, Bellinvia A, Niccolai C, Razzolini L, Pasto L, Fratangelo R, Tudisco L, Fonderico M, Mattiolo PL, Goretti B, Bosco Zimatore G, Losignore NA, Portaccio E, Lolli F (2019) Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis: an exploratory analysis of environmental and lifestyle risk factors. PLoS ONE 14:e222929
CAS
Article
Google Scholar
Archibald CJ, Fisk JD (2000) Information processing efficiency in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 22:686–701
CAS
Article
Google Scholar
Audoin B, Van Au Duong M, Ranjeva JP, Ibarrola D, Malikova I, Confort-Gouny S, Soulier E, Viout P, Ali-Cherif A, Pelletier J, Cozzone PJ (2005) Magnetic resonance study of the influence of tissue damage and cortical reorganization on PASAT performance at the earliest stage of multiple sclerosis. Hum Brain Mapp 24:216–228
Article
Google Scholar
Bätge SJ, Filser M, Renner A, Ullrich S, Lassek C, Penner IK (2020) On the validity of single tests, two-test combinations and the full Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS) in detecting patients with cognitive impairment. Mult Scler 26(14):1919–1928. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458519887897. Epub 2019 Nov 19
Article
Google Scholar
Benedict RH (Hrsg) (1997) Brief visuospatial memory test-revised (BVMT-R). Psychological Assessment Resources, Lutz
Google Scholar
Benedict RHB, Drake AS, Irwin LN, Frndak SE, Kunker KA, Khan AL, Kordovski VM, Motl RW, Weinstock-Guttman B (2016) Benchmarks of meaningful impairment on the MSFC and BICAMS. Mult Scler 22:1874–1882
Article
Google Scholar
Bergendal G, Fredrikson S, Almkvist O (2007) Selective decline in information processing in subgroups of multiple sclerosis: an 8‑year longitudinal study. Eur Neurol 57:193–202
CAS
Article
Google Scholar
Calabrese P, Kobelt G, Berg J, Capsa D, Eriksson J, Platform EMS (2017) New insights into the burden and costs of multiple sclerosis in Europe: results for Switzerland. Mult Scler 23:192–203
Article
Google Scholar
Cerezo Garcia M, Plasencia MP, Aladro BY (2015) Alteration profile of executive functions in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 131:313–320
Article
Google Scholar
Chiaravalloti ND, DeLuca J (2008) Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 7:1139–1151
Article
Google Scholar
Delis DC, Kramer JH, Kaplan E, Ober BA (2000) California verbal learning test, second edition (CVLT-II). Psychological Corporation, San Antonio
Google Scholar
D’hooghe MB, De Cock A, Benedict RHB, Gielen J, Van Remoortel A, Eelen PL, Van Merhaegen A, De Keyser J, D’Haeseleer M, Peeters E, Nagels G (2019) Perceived neuropsychological impairment inversely related to self-reported health and employment in multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 26:1447–1454
Article
Google Scholar
Feuillet L, Reuter F, Audoin B, Malikova I, Barrau K, Cherif AA, Pelletier J (2007) Early cognitive impairment in patients with clinically isolated syndrome suggestive of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 13:124–127
CAS
Article
Google Scholar
Filser M, Schreiber H, Pöttgen J, Ullrich S, Lang M, Penner IK (2018) The Brief International Cognitive Assessment in Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS): results from the German validation study. J Neurol 265:2587–2593
CAS
Article
Google Scholar
Flachenecker P, Kobelt G, Berg J, Capsa D, Gannedahl M, Platform EMS (2017) New insights into the burden and costs of multipe sclerosis: results for Germany. Multiple Scler J 23:78–90
Article
Google Scholar
Helmstaedter C, Lendt M, Lux S (Hrsg) (2001) VLMT – Verbaler Lern- und Merkfähigkeitstest. Manual. Beltz, Göttingen
Google Scholar
Hulst HE, Schoonheim MM, Van Geest Q, Uitdehaag BMJ, Barkhof F, Geurts JJ (2015) Memory impairment in multiple sclerosis: relevance of hippocampal activation and hippocampal connectivity. Mult Scler 21:1705–1712
CAS
Article
Google Scholar
Khalil M, Enzinger C, Langkammer C, Petrovic K, Loitfelder M, Tscherner M, Jehna M, Bachmaier G, Wallner-Blazek M, Ropele S, Schmidt R, Fuchs S, Fazekas F (2011) Cognitive impairment in relation to MRI metrics in patients with clinically isolated syndrome. Mult Scler 17:173–180
CAS
Article
Google Scholar
Kobelt G, Thompson A, Berg J, Gannedahl M, Eriksson J, MSCOI Study Group, European Multiple Sclerosis Platform (2017) New insights into the burden and costs of multiple sclerosis in Europe. Mult Scler 23:1123–1136
Article
Google Scholar
Kurtzke JF (1983) Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology 33:1444–1452
CAS
Article
Google Scholar
Langdon DW, Amato MP, Boringa J, Brochet B, Foley F, Fredrikson S, Hämäläinen P, Hartung HP, Krupp LB, Penner IK, Reder AT, Benedict RH (2012) Recommendations for a Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS). Mult Scler 18:891–898
CAS
Article
Google Scholar
Lebrun C, Blanc F, Brassat D, Zephir H, de Seze J, CFSEP (2010) Cognitive function in radiologically isolated syndrome. Mult Scler 16:919–925
Article
Google Scholar
Morrow SA, Drake AS, Zivadinov R, Munschauer F, Weinstock-Guttman B, Benedict RH (2010) Predicting loss of employment over three years in multiple sclerosis: clinically meaningful cognitive decline. Clin Neuropsychol 24:1131–1145
Article
Google Scholar
Pitteri M, Romualdi C, Magliozzi R, Monaco S, Calabrese M (2017) Cognitive impairment predicts disability progression and cortical thinning in MS: an 8‑year study. Multiple Scler J 23:848–854
Article
Google Scholar
Rao SM, Cognitive Function Study Group of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (1990) A manual for the brief repeatable battery of neuropsychological tests in multiple sclerosis. Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
Google Scholar
Rao SM, Leo GJ, Ellington L, Nauertz T, Bernardin L, Unverzagt F (1991) Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. II. Impact on employment and social functioning. Neurology 41:692–696
CAS
Article
Google Scholar
Ruet A, Deloire MS, Hamel D, Ouallet JC, Petry K, Brochet B (2013) Cognitive impairment, health-related quality of life and vocational status at early stages of multiple sclerosis: a 7-year longitudinal study. J Neurol 260:776–784
Article
Google Scholar
Smith A (1973) Symbol digit modalities test. Western Psychological Services, Los Angeles
Google Scholar