Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Suizidalität bei schizophrenen Psychosen ist ein wichtiges, jedoch im klinischen Alltag in seiner Rezeption aus Sicht der Autoren hinter die Suizidalität bei affektiven Erkrankungen aktuell zurücktretendes Thema. Schizophrene Psychosen sind als eigenständige Risikofaktoren für Suizidversuche und vollendete Suizide anerkannt, wobei sie aufgrund ihrer häufigen Unvorhersehbarkeit, Abruptheit und Brutalität der verwendeten Methoden den klinisch Tätigen vor besondere Herausforderungen stellen und oftmals das Umfeld verstört zurücklassen.
Ziele der Arbeit
Es soll ein Überblick über die vorhandene relevante Literatur zum Thema Suizidalität bei Psychosen gegeben werden. Ausführungen zur Psychodynamik, Hinweise zu Pharmako- und Psychotherapie und Überlegungen zur Prävention runden die Arbeit ab und bieten insbesondere dem klinisch Tätigen einen aktuellen Überblick zu diesem Thema.
Material und Methoden
Es erfolgten PubMed- und Google-scholar-Suchen mit den Begriffen „suicide“, „suicidality“, „schizophrenia“, „suicide AND schizophrenia“, „suicide AND psychosis“, „suicidality AND schizophrenia“, „suicidality AND psychosis“, „suicidality AND psychosis AND prevention“, „suicide AND psychosis AND prevention“, „suicidality AND schizophrenia AND prevention“, „suicide AND schizophrenia AND prevention“.
Diskussion
Die Kenntnis der spezifischen Risikofaktoren für Suizidalität bei psychotischen Patienten, die Besonderheiten der Suizidalität hinsichtlich ihrer Ausgestaltung und ihrem zeitlichen Zusammenhang mit einer Behandlung muss klinisch Tätigen bekannt sein. Die Exploration und Einschätzung der Suizidalität ist bei psychotischen Patienten oftmals schwieriger als bei affektiv Erkrankten oder an einer Persönlichkeitsstörung leidenden Patienten, da es sich häufig um impulsive Suizidversuche handelt, die sich aus (plötzlich auftretenden) psychotischen Symptomen ableiten lassen und somit nur schwer bis gar nicht vorhersehbar sind.
Abstract
Background
Suicidality in schizophrenic psychosis is an important topic but stands in clinical everyday work behind the perception of suicide especially in affective disorders. Schizophrenic psychosis is recognized as an independent risk factor for suicide attempts and suicides, whereas it poses particular challenges to the clinical professional due to the frequent unpredictability, abruptness and brutality of the methods used. For this reason, the suicide of a psychotic patient often leaves the professional and non-professional environment disturbed.
Aims
An overview of the existing relevant literature on suicide in psychosis is given. Explanations on the psychodynamics, indications on pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy and considerations on prevention round off this article and provide an up to date overview of this topic for clinicians.
Material and methods
A search was carried out in PubMed and Google scholar using the terms “suicide”, “suicidality”, “schizophrenia”, “suicide AND schizophrenia”, “suicide AND psychosis”, “suicidality AND schizophrenia”, “suicidality AND psychosis”, “suicidality AND psychosis AND prevention”, “suicide AND psychosis AND prevention”, “suicidality AND schizophrenia AND prevention”, “suicide AND schizophrenia AND prevention”.
Conclusion
Clinicians must have knowledge of the specific risk factors for suicide in psychotic patients, the characteristics of suicide in terms of design and temporal connection with treatment. The exploration and assessment of suicidality is often more difficult in psychotic patients than in affective or personality disorder patients, as there are often impulsive suicide attempts that can be explained by (suddenly occurring) psychotic symptoms and are therefore difficult or even impossible to foresee.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.
Notes
- 1.
Grad B bedeutet eine Empfehlung mit der Syntax „soll/sollte“ und korreliert mit einer mittleren Evidenzstärke. Quelle: https://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/awmf-regelwerk/ll-entwicklung/awmf-regelwerk-03-leitlinienentwicklung/ll-entwicklung-graduierung-der-empfehlungen.html. Abgerufen am 01.04.2020.
Literatur
- 1.
Alli S, Tasmim S, Adanty C et al (2019) Childhood trauma predicts multiple, high lethality suicide attempts in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 281:112567
- 2.
Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Methodik und Dokumentation in der Psychiatrie (2018) Das AMDP-System. Manual zur Dokumentation psychiatrischer Befunde. AMDP, Göttingen
- 3.
arznei-telegramm (2018) Antidepressiva besser als ihr Ruf? Viel Rummel um neue Metaanalyse. Arznei Telegr 49:41–43
- 4.
Ayuso-Gutiérrez JL, Del Rio Vega JM (1997) Factors influencing relapse in the long-term course of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 28:199–206
- 5.
Bang M, Park JY, Kim KR et al (2019) Suicidal ideation in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis and its association with suspiciousness independent of depression. Early Interv Psychiatry 13:539–545
- 6.
Beautrais AL, Joyce PR, Mulder RT et al (1996) Prevalence and comorbidity of mental disorders in persons making serious suicide attempts: a case-control study. Am J Psychiatry 153:1009–1014
- 7.
Bebbington PE (1995) The content and context of compliance. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 9(Suppl 5):41–50
- 8.
Belvederi Murri M, Amore M (2019) The multiple dimensions of insight in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Schizophr Bull 45:277–283
- 9.
Bennedetti G (1983) Todeslandschaften der Seele: Psychopathologie, Psychodynamik und Psychotherapie der Schizophrenie. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen
- 10.
Berardelli I, Sarubbi S, Rogante E et al (2019) The role of demoralization and hopelessness in suicide risk in schizophrenia: a review of the literature. Medicina (Kaunas) 55(5):200
- 11.
Bleuler E (1911) Dementia praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien. Franz Deuticke, Leipzig
- 12.
Bottlender R, Hloucal TM (2010) Insight into illness: an overview of the concept focusing on schizophrenia. Psychiatr Prax 37:59–67
- 13.
Breier A, Astrachan BM (1984) Characterization of schizophrenic patients who commit suicide. Am J Psychiatry 141:206–209
- 14.
Brugnoli R, Novick D, Haro JM et al (2012) Risk factors for suicide behaviors in the observational schizophrenia outpatient health outcomes (SOHO) study. BMC Psychiatry 12:83
- 15.
Statistisches Bundesamt (2020) Sterbefälle. https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Gesundheit/Todesursachen/Tabellen/suizide.html. Zugegriffen: 1. Sept. 2020
- 16.
Castelein S, Liemburg EJ, De Lange JS et al (2015) Suicide in recent onset psychosis revisited: significant reduction of suicide rate over the last two decades—a replication study of a Dutch incidence cohort. PLoS One 10:e129263
- 17.
Chesney E, Goodwin GM, Fazel S (2014) Risks of all-cause and suicide mortality in mental disorders: a meta-review. World Psychiatry 13:153–160
- 18.
Chow LY, Chung D, Leung V et al (1997) Suicide attempt due to metoclopramide-induced akathisia. Int J Clin Pract 51:330–331
- 19.
Cipriani A, Furukawa TA, Salanti G et al (2018) Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acute treatment of adults with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet 391:1357–1366
- 20.
Clarke M, Whitty P, Browne S et al (2006) Suicidality in first episode psychosis. Schizophr Res 86:221–225
- 21.
Conwell Y, Duberstein PR, Cox C et al (1996) Relationships of age and axis I diagnoses in victims of completed suicide: a psychological autopsy study. Am J Psychiatry 153:1001–1008
- 22.
Dassori AM, Mezzich JE, Keshavan M (1990) Suicidal indicators in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 81:409–413
- 23.
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie (2016) Leitlinie Suizidalität im Kindes- und Jugendalter, 4. Aufl.
- 24.
DGPPN (2015) S3-Leitlinie/Nationale VersorgungsLeitlinie Unipolare Depression – Langfassung, 2. Auflage, Version 5
- 25.
DGPPN (2019) S3-Leitlinie Schizophrenie – Langfassung, 2019, Version 1.0
- 26.
Drake RE, Ehrlich J (1985) Suicide attempts associated with akathisia. Am J Psychiatry 142:499–501
- 27.
Drake RE, Gates C, Cotton PG et al (1984) Suicide among schizophrenics. Who is at risk? J Nerv Ment Dis 172:613–617
- 28.
Dutta R, Murray RM, Hotopf M et al (2010) Reassessing the long-term risk of suicide after a first episode of psychosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 67:1230–1237
- 29.
Ehrminger M, Urbach M, Passerieux C et al (2019) Modeling the longitudinal effects of insight on depression, quality of life and suicidality in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: results from the FACE-SZ cohort. J Clin Med 8(8):1196
- 30.
Fava M, Fava GA, Kellner R et al (1982) Depression and hostility in hyperprolactinemia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 6:479–482
- 31.
Fenton WS, Blyler CR, Heinssen RK (1997) Determinants of medication compliance in schizophrenia: empirical and clinical findings. Schizophr Bull 23:637–651
- 32.
Fenton WS, McGlashan TH, Victor BJ et al (1997) Symptoms, subtype, and suicidality in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Am J Psychiatry 154:199–204
- 33.
Fialko L, Freeman D, Bebbington PE et al (2006) Understanding suicidal ideation in psychosis: findings from the Psychological Prevention of Relapse in Psychosis (PRP) trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand 114:177–186
- 34.
Fleischhacker WW, Kane JM, Geier J et al (2014) Completed and attempted suicides among 18,154 subjects with schizophrenia included in a large simple trial. J Clin Psychiatry 75:e184–e190
- 35.
Frank U, Hoffmann K (2017) Suizide im Maßregelvollzug nach §§ 63, 64 StGB – empirische Befunde und konkrete Handlungsempfehlungen. Forens Psychiatr Psychother 24:57–65
- 36.
Freeman D, Bold E, Chadwick E et al (2019) Suicidal ideation and behaviour in patients with persecutory delusions: prevalence, symptom associations, and psychological correlates. Compr Psychiatry 93:41–47
- 37.
Freud S (1916) Trauer und Melancholie. Gesammelte Werke, Bd. X, S 427–446
- 38.
Freud S (1914) Zur Einführung des Narzißmus. Gesammelte Werke, Bd. X, S 137–170
- 39.
Fromm-Reichmann F (1959) Intensive Psychotherapie. Grundzüge und Technik. Hippokrates, Stuttgart
- 40.
Funahashi T, Ibuki Y, Domon Y et al (2000) A clinical study on suicide among schizophrenics. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 54:173–179
- 41.
Hansen L, Kingdom D (2006) Akathisia as a risk factor for suicide. Br J Psychiatry 188:192
- 42.
Haukka J, Tiihonen J, Härkänen T et al (2008) Association between medication and risk of suicide, attempted suicide and death in nationwide cohort of suicidal patients with schizophrenia. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 17:686–696
- 43.
Hawton K, Sutton L, Haw C et al (2005) Schizophrenia and suicide: systematic review of risk factors. Br J Psychiatry 187:9–20
- 44.
Heila H, Heikkinen ME, Isometsa ET et al (1999) Life events and completed suicide in schizophrenia: a comparison of suicide victims with and without schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 25:519–531
- 45.
Heila H, Isometsa ET, Henriksson MM et al (1997) Suicide and schizophrenia: a nationwide psychological autopsy study on age- and sex-specific clinical characteristics of 92 suicide victims with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 154:1235–1242
- 46.
Hor K, Taylor M (2010) Suicide and schizophrenia: a systematic review of rates and risk factors. J Psychopharmacol 24:81–90
- 47.
Inoue K, Otsuka K, Onishi H et al (2019) Multi-institutional survey of suicide death among inpatients with schizophrenia in comparison with depression. Asian J Psychiatry 48:101908
- 48.
Inskip HM, Harris EC, Barraclough B (1998) Lifetime risk of suicide for affective disorder, alcoholism and schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 172:35–37
- 49.
Jahn DR, Bennett ME, Park SG et al (2016) The interactive effects of negative symptoms and social role functioning on suicide ideation in individuals with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 170:271–277
- 50.
Jaspers K (1922) Allgemeine Psychopathologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
- 51.
Kelleher I, Corcoran P, Keeley H et al (2013) Psychotic symptoms and population risk for suicide attempt: a prospective cohort study. JAMA Psychiatry 70:940–948
- 52.
Kelly DL, Wehring HJ, Vyas G (2012) Current status of clozapine in the United States. Shanghai Arch Psychiatry 24:110–113
- 53.
Kjelby E, Sinkeviciute I, Gjestad R et al (2015) Suicidality in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: the relationship to hallucinations and persecutory delusions. Eur Psychiatry 30:830–836
- 54.
Lee HC, Lin HC, Liu TC et al (2008) Contact of mental and nonmental health care providers prior to suicide in Taiwan: a population-based study. Can J Psychiatry 53:377–383
- 55.
Lieberman JA, Sheitman B, Chakos M et al (1998) The development of treatment resistance in patients with schizophrenia: a clinical and pathophysiologic perspective. J Clin Psychopharmacol 18:20S–24S
- 56.
López-Moríñigo JD, Ramos-Ríos R, David AS et al (2012) Insight in schizophrenia and risk of suicide: a systematic update. Compr Psychiatry 53:313–322
- 57.
Marder SR (2003) Overview of partial compliance. J Clin Psychiatry 64(Suppl 16):3–9
- 58.
Massons C, Lopez-Morinigo JD, Pousa E et al (2017) Insight and suicidality in psychosis: a cross-sectional study. Psychiatry Res 252:147–153
- 59.
McGirr A, Tousignant M, Routhier D et al (2006) Risk factors for completed suicide in schizophrenia and other chronic psychotic disorders: a case-control study. Schizophr Res 84:132–143
- 60.
Melle I, Johannesen JO, Friis S et al (2006) Early detection of the first episode of schizophrenia and suicidal behavior. Am J Psychiatry 163:800–804
- 61.
Meltzer HY (2005) Suicide in schizophrenia, clozapine, and adoption of evidence-based medicine. J Clin Psychiatry 66:530–533
- 62.
Meltzer HY, Alphs L, Green AI et al (2003) Clozapine treatment for suicidality in schizophrenia: International Suicide Prevention Trial (InterSePT). Arch Gen Psychiatry 60:82–91
- 63.
Miles CP (1977) Conditions predisposing to suicide: a review. J Nerv Ment Dis 164:231–246
- 64.
Mitter N, Subramaniam M, Abdin E et al (2013) Predictors of suicide in Asian patients with first episode psychosis. Schizophr Res 151:274–278
- 65.
Nordentoft M, Mortensen PB, Pedersen CB (2011) Absolute risk of suicide after first hospital contact in mental disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 68:1058–1064
- 66.
Oehl M, Hummer M, Fleischhacker WW (2000) Compliance with antipsychotic treatment. Acta Psychiatr Scand 102:83–86
- 67.
Palmer BA, Pankratz VS, Bostwick JM (2005) The lifetime risk of suicide in schizophrenia: a reexamination. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62:247–253
- 68.
Patchan KM, Richardson C, Vyas G et al (2015) The risk of suicide after clozapine discontinuation: cause for concern. Ann Clin Psychiatry 27:253–256
- 69.
Penttila M, Jaaskelainen E, Hirvonen N et al (2014) Duration of untreated psychosis as predictor of long-term outcome in schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 205:88–94
- 70.
Pompili M, Amador XF, Girardi P et al (2007) Suicide risk in schizophrenia: learning from the past to change the future. Ann Gen Psychiatry 6:10
- 71.
Pompili M, Baldessarini RJ, Forte A et al (2016) Do atypical antipsychotics have antisuicidal effects? A hypothesis-generating overview. Int J Mol Sci 17(10):1700
- 72.
Reutfors J, Bahmanyar S, Jonsson EG et al (2010) Diagnostic profile and suicide risk in schizophrenia spectrum disorder. Schizophr Res 123:251–256
- 73.
Reutfors J, Brandt L, Jonsson EG et al (2009) Risk factors for suicide in schizophrenia: findings from a Swedish population-based case-control study. Schizophr Res 108:231–237
- 74.
Robinson D, Woerner MG, Alvir JM et al (1999) Predictors of relapse following response from a first episode of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56:241–247
- 75.
Roy A (1982) Suicide in chronic schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 141:171–177
- 76.
Saarinen PI, Lehtonen J, Lönnqvist J (1999) Suicide risk in schizophrenia: an analysis of 17 consecutive suicides. Schizophr Bull 25:533–542
- 77.
Sands JR, Harrow M (1999) Depression during the longitudinal course of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 25:157–171
- 78.
Siris SG (2001) Suicide and schizophrenia. J Psychopharmacol 15:127–135
- 79.
Spivak B, Roitman S, Vered Y et al (1998) Diminished suicidal and aggressive behavior, high plasma norepinephrine levels, and serum triglyceride levels in chronic neuroleptic-resistant schizophrenic patients maintained on clozapine. Clin Neuropharmacol 21:245–250
- 80.
Statistisches Bundesamt (2020) Todesursachenstatistik. https://www-genesis.destatis.de/genesis/online?operation=ergebnistabelleDiagramm&option=diagramm&levelindex=1&levelid=1587905990484&downloadname=23211-0002#abreadcrumb. Zugegriffen: 1. Sept. 2020
- 81.
Suominen K, Henriksson M, Suokas J et al (1996) Mental disorders and comorbidity in attempted suicide. Acta Psychiatr Scand 94:234–240
- 82.
Tidemalm D, Långström N, Lichtenstein P et al (2008) Risk of suicide after suicide attempt according to coexisting psychiatric disorder: Swedish cohort study with long term follow-up. BMJ 337:a2205
- 83.
Tiihonen J, Lönnqvist J, Wahlbeck K et al (2009) 11-year follow-up of mortality in patients with schizophrenia: a population-based cohort study (FIN11 study). Lancet 374:620–627
- 84.
Ventriglio A, Gentile A, Bonfitto I et al (2016) Suicide in the early stage of schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 7:116
- 85.
Vrbova K, Prasko J, Ociskova M et al (2017) Insight in schizophrenia—a double-edged sword? Neuro Endocrinol Lett 38:457–464
- 86.
Weiden P, Rapkin B, Mott T et al (1994) Rating of medication influences (ROMI) scale in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 20:297–310
- 87.
Weiden PJ, Olfson M (1995) Cost of relapse in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 21:419–429
- 88.
Wolfersdorf M, Etzersdorfer E (2011) Suizid und Suizidprävention. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart
- 89.
World Health Organization (2016) Suicides. World health statistics data viszualizations dashboard. https://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.sdg.3-4-viz-2?lang=en. Zugegriffen: 1. Nov. 2020
- 90.
Wyatt RJ (1991) Neuroleptics and the natural course of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 17:325–351
- 91.
Young JL, Zonana HV, Shepler L (1986) Medication noncompliance in schizophrenia: codification and update. Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law 14:105–122
- 92.
Zalsman G, Hawton K, Wasserman D et al (2016) Suicide prevention strategies revisited: 10-year systematic review. Lancet Psychiatry 3:646–659
- 93.
Zisook S, Byrd D, Kuck J et al (1995) Command hallucinations in outpatients with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 56:462–465
Author information
Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Interessenkonflikt
R. Knorr und K. Hoffmann geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.
Für diesen Beitrag wurden von den Autoren keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren durchgeführt. Für die aufgeführten Studien gelten die jeweils dort angegebenen ethischen Richtlinien.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Knorr, R., Hoffmann, K. Suizidalität bei schizophrenen Psychosen: eine aktuelle Übersicht. Nervenarzt (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-020-01028-2
Accepted:
Published:
Schlüsselwörter
- Suizidalität
- Suizidversuch
- Suizid
- Psychose
- Schizophrenie
Keywords
- Suicidality
- Suicide attempt
- Suicide
- Psychosis
- Schizophrenia