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Nikotin und Gehirnentwicklung

Effects of nicotine on neurodevelopment

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Zusammenfassung

Tierexperimentelle und klinische Studien haben ergeben, dass eine Nikotinexposition während der Gehirnentwicklung – beginnend pränatal bis zur Adoleszenz – neben morphologischen Veränderungen zu einer persistierenden Beeinflussung neuronaler Transmissionssysteme führen kann.

Nikotinabhängigkeit sowie das Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-Hyperaktivitäts-Syndrom sind mit einem Nikotinkonsum der Mütter der Betroffenen während der Schwangerschaft assoziiert. Auch finden sich erste Hinweise darauf, dass Nikotinmissbrauch in der Jugend die Funktion des zerebralen Aufmerksamkeitsnetzwerkes und das Gedächtnis nachhaltig beeinträchtigen kann. Unklar ist hingegen bislang noch, welche Auswirkungen eine Nikotinexposition auf die Entstehung von psychiatrischen Erkrankungen hat.

Die somatischen Konsequenzen des Zigarettenrauchens und die resultierenden gesundheitsökonomischen Probleme sind bekannt, die Auswirkungen einer während der Gehirnentwicklung stattfindenden Nikotinexposition werden derzeit noch unterschätzt. Es sollte mehr Aufklärung der Bevölkerung erfolgen, um Nikotinkonsum bereits während der Schwangerschaft sowie bei Kindern und Jugendlichen zu vermeiden.

Summary

Nicotine exposure during prenatal to adolescent neurodevelopment causes morphologic changes in the CNS and persistent alterations of neurotransmission systems. Maternal smoking on the one hand and nicotine dependency and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in the offspring on the other are significantly associated. There is even evidence that nicotine abuse during adolescence may result in deficits of the brain’s attentional network. In contrast, any effects of nicotine exposure on the development of various psychiatric diseases are still unclear. The somatic consequences of smoking and the resulting economic problems are already well known, but the effects of nicotine on neurodevelopment are still underestimated. More public awareness training and medical education are required to avoid nicotine abuse in pregnant women, children, and adolescents.

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  1. Psychiatrische Klinik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Bergische Landstraße 2, 40629, Düsseldorf, Deutschland

    C. Wessels & G. Winterer

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Wessels, C., Winterer, G. Nikotin und Gehirnentwicklung. Nervenarzt 79, 7–16 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-007-2392-z

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