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"Visuelles Suchen" bei Gesunden und Patienten mit Alzheimer-Erkrankung

Verknüpfung von kognitiver Grundlagenforschung und klinischer Praxis

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Zusammenfassung

Visuelles Suchen stellt eine komplexe und hochgradig alltagsrelevante kognitive Leistung dar. Theoretische, aus der experimentellen Psychologie stammende Hypothesen zu Verarbeitungsschritten bei visuellem Suchen wurden in den letzten Jahren durch Verfahren der funktionellen Bildgebung hinsichtlich der zugrunde liegenden neuronalen Netzwerke erweitert. Zu klinischer Relevanz und Überprüfbarkeit gelangen diese Modellvorstellungen durch die zunehmende Kenntnis über Einschränkungen der visuellen Suchleistung im Fall von Aufmerksamkeitsstörungen, wie hier am Beispiel der Alzheimer-Erkrankung exemplarisch aufgezeigt.

Summary

Visual search is a complex and highly relevant cognitive task. Hypotheses about the processes involved have been derived from experimental psychology and modified by recent functional imaging methods revealing the underlying neuronal networks. To close the gap between theoretical implications and clinical practice, models of visual search are employed to explain visual search impairments in patients with Alzheimer's disease.

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Abb. 1.
Abb. 2a, b.
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Notes

  1. Alternativ werden auch die Begriffe effizient/ineffizient, einfach/schwierig, präattentiv/attentiv, disjunktiv/konjunktiv verwendet. Hier werden die Bezeichnungen parallel/seriell vorgezogen, da diese am weitesten verbreitet sind, obgleich sie Verarbeitungsprinzipien implizieren, die durchaus umstritten sind.

  2. Es ist zu beachten, dass die Begriffe parallele Suche/Merkmalssuche und serielle Suche/Konjunktionssuche nicht wirklich kongruent sind, da in Ausnahmefällen auch eine Merkmalssuche mit einer Suchkurve mit positiver Steigung und eine Konjunktionssuche mit einer flachen Suchkurve einher geht.

  3. Späte Selektion hingegen beschreibt ein Modell, bei dem die Auswahl erst nach der Reizidentifikation, vermutlich beim Übergang ins Kurzzeitgedächtnis stattfindet [65, 66].

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Danksagung

Wir danken Prof. A. Kleinschmidt und Prof. H. Steinmetz für Anregungen und die Durchsicht des Manuskripts. Die Autoren bedanken sich für die laufende Förderung durch die DFG und die Volkswagen Stiftung.

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Rösler, A., Müller, N. "Visuelles Suchen" bei Gesunden und Patienten mit Alzheimer-Erkrankung. Nervenarzt 74, 863–868 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-003-1576-4

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