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Systematik der plastischen Defektrekonstruktion am Fuß

A systematic approach to plastic surgical foot reconstruction

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Weichteilverletzungen am Fuß nach Traumata sind sehr häufig und bedingen eine individuelle Rekonstruktion.

Ziel der Arbeit

Es werden Empfehlungen zur Therapie von Weichteilverletzungen des Fußes formuliert.

Material und Methoden

Zunächst werden die Kriterien, postoperative Nachbehandlung und Komplikationen der Hautweichteilrekonstruktion des Fußes erörtert, bevor die therapeutische Strategie entsprechend der Lokalisation erläutert und mit exemplarischen Beispielen aus dem eigenen Patientengut verdeutlicht wird.

Ergebnisse

Entsprechend der Lokalisation, der dreidimensionalen Ausdehnung des Defekts, dem Anforderungsprofil des Patienten und den vorhandenen Begleiterkrankungen wird das Vorgehen anhand standardisierter rekonstruktiver Prinzipien geplant und den individuellen Patientenfaktoren angepasst. Lokale und gestielte Lappenplastiken können am Fuß eingesetzt werden, haben aber eine vergleichsweise erhöhte Komplikationsrate, sodass nach entsprechender präoperativer Abklärung der Gefäßsituation am Fuß häufig freie Lappenplastiken angewandt werden, die aufgrund ihrer Versatilität sehr individuell an die lokalen Anforderungen und die Patientenbedürfnisse adaptierfähig sind. Freie Lappenplastiken erfordern postoperativ ein Lappentraining.

Schlussfolgerung

Eine präzise präoperative Planung der Rekonstruktion und Abklärung der Vaskularisation bilden die Grundlagen für eine erfolgreiche Weichteilrekonstruktion des Fußes, deren Ziele das Erreichen von stabilen Hautweichteilen, einer belastbaren Fußsohle ohne Scherkraftwirkung, das Ermöglichen der Schuhversorgung und der Erhalt der Sensibilität sind.

Abstract

Background

Soft tissue defects of the foot are very common sequelae after trauma and require an individual reconstructive approach.

Objective

Recommendations for the treatment of soft tissue injuries to the foot are given.

Material and methods

The criteria of soft tissue reconstruction, postoperative follow-up and complications are first discussed before the therapeutic approach is explained depending on the reconstruction site. Case examples are given for illustration.

Results

Decision making for soft tissue reconstruction of the foot is based on the location, the 3‑dimensional extent of the defect, the patient requirements and concomitant diseases. Standardized treatment algorithms are usually applied that need to be adapted according to individual patient factors. Randomized and local pedicled flaps can be applied for foot reconstruction; however, these options involve a significant risk of complications. Consequently, free flaps are frequently indicated after appropriate preoperative diagnostics of the perfusion of the foot. Due to the vast variety of donor sites, free flaps allow an individualized reconstruction, which is adapted to local and patient requirements.

Conclusion

Precise preoperative reconstructive planning and analysis of the vascularization form the foundation for a successful soft tissue reconstruction of the foot. The aims of the individualized approach to soft tissue reconstruction of the foot are stable soft tissue coverage, resistance to weight bearing of the sole of the foot, the ability to wear normal shoes and maintenance of sensibility.

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Danksagung

Die Autoren danken Christian Retschke (Leipzig) für die Unterstützung beim Erstellen der Abbildungen.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Klinik für Plastische und Handchirurgie mit Schwerbrandverletztenzentrum, Klinikum St. Georg gGmbH, Delitzscher Str. 141, 04129, Leipzig, Deutschland

    Susanne Rein MBA & Thomas Kremer

  2. Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 4, 06112, Halle (Saale), Deutschland

    Susanne Rein MBA

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  1. Susanne Rein MBA
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Correspondence to Susanne Rein MBA.

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S. Rein und T. Kremer geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Für diesen Beitrag wurden von den Autoren keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren durchgeführt. Für die aufgeführten Studien gelten die jeweils dort angegebenen ethischen Richtlinien.

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Peter M. Vogt, Hannover

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Rein, S., Kremer, T. Systematik der plastischen Defektrekonstruktion am Fuß. Unfallchirurg 124, 797–806 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00113-021-01075-7

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