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Häufigkeit und Management von Gesichtsschädelfrakturen – eine MKG-chirurgische Einschätzung

Frequency and management of complex facial fractures—an oral and maxillofacial surgical assessment

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Die Versorgung von Gesichtsschädelfrakturen ist fester Bestandteil des mund-, kiefer- und gesichtschirurgischen Therapiespektrums. In Abhängigkeit vom vorliegenden Verletzungsmuster können komplexe Frakturen mehrerer Ebenen des Gesichtsschädels einen interdisziplinären Behandlungsansatz erforderlich machen, der nur durch die Infrastruktur eines überregionalen Traumazentrums gewährleistet ist.

Ziel der Arbeit

Analyse der Häufigkeit und des Managements von Patienten mit komplexen Gesichtsschädelfrakturen unter Berücksichtigung des begleitenden Verletzungsmusters.

Material und Methoden

Retrospektive Analyse von Patienten mit komplexen Gesichtsschädelfrakturen, die in den Jahren 2009–2015 über die chirurgische Notaufnahme eines überregionalen Traumazentrums aufgenommen wurden. Die Identifikation entsprechender Patientenfälle erfolgte auf Basis der ICD-Kodierungen. Berücksichtigung fanden nur Patienten, die mindestens eine Kombinationsfraktur von Unterkiefer sowie Mittelgesicht (Zweietagenfrakturen) aufwiesen. Reine dentoalveoläre Frakturen sowie einfache Nasenbeinfrakturen wurden nicht berücksichtigt. Die Auswertung der elektronischen Patientenakten umfasste die Ätiologie, das Frakturmuster, Schwere vorliegender Begleitverletzungen auf Basis des Injury Severity Score (ISS), Therapie sowie die Länge des stationären Aufenthalts.

Ergebnisse

Im 7‑jährigen Untersuchungszeitraum konnten 3382 Patienten mit Gesichtsschädelfrakturen ermittelt werden. Davon präsentierten 128 Patienten (3,78 %) komplexe Frakturmuster mit einer Kombination von Unter- und Mittelgesichtsfrakturen (Zweietagenfrakturen). Die Mehrheit dieser Patienten (n = 92) wies kleinere Begleitverletzungen (ISS ≤ 16) auf, während 36 Patienten schwere Begleitverletzungen (ISS > 16) zeigten. Das Auftreten einer Dreietagenfraktur unter Einbeziehung von Unterkiefer, Mittelgesicht und Frontobasis betrug lediglich 0,47 % und konnte nur bei 16 Patienten nachgewiesen werden, von denen 10 als Polytrauma (ISS > 16) klassifiziert wurden.

Diskussion

Das Auftreten von komplexen Frakturen des Gesichtsschädels erscheint mit knapp 4 % vergleichsweise gering. Mehr als jeder vierte Patient mit komplexen Verletzungsmustern des Gesichtsschädels wies aufgrund des schweren zugrunde liegenden Traumas vital bedrohliche Begleitverletzungen auf, deren interdisziplinäres Management die Infrastruktur eines entsprechenden Traumazentrums erforderlich machte.

Abstract

Introduction

The treatment of facial fractures is an integral part of the oral and maxillofacial surgical treatment spectrum. In the case of complex fractures that involve multiple levels of the facial skeleton associated with severe concomitant injuries, an individual and interdisciplinary treatment approach is needed, which requires the infrastructure of a national trauma center.

Objective

The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence and management of patients with complex facial fractures and considering the concomitant injury pattern.

Material and methods

A retrospective analysis of patients with complex facial fractures during the years 2009–2015 admitted to the emergency surgical department of a national trauma center was carried out. The identification of appropriate patient cases was based on the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) coding of electronic patient data. Only patients with at least a combination of mandibular and midfacial fractures (2-level fractures) were considered. Patients with mainly dentoalveolar fractures and simple nasal bone fractures were not included. The evaluation of the electronic medical records included the etiology, fracture pattern, associated severe injuries on the basis of the injury severity score (ISS), treatment regimen as well as the length of the hospital stay.

Results

In the 7‑year study period, 3382 patients were identified with facial fractures. Of these, 128 patients (3.78%) presented with a complex fracture pattern with a combination of mandibular fractures and fractures of the midface. The majority of these patients (n = 92) had less severe concomitant injuries (ISS ≤ 16), while 36 patients showed severe concomitant injuries (ISS > 16). The incidence of a 3-level fracture involving the mandible, midface and anterior skull base was only 0.47% and could be detected in 16 patients, of which 10 were classified as polytrauma (ISS > 16).

Conclusion

The incidence of complex fractures of the facial skeleton was comparatively low with almost 4%. More than one in four patients with complex injury patterns of the facial skeleton exhibited severe concomitant life-threatening injuries, necessitating an interdisciplinary management with the specialized infrastructure of a nationwide trauma center.

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Correspondence to Jan Oliver Voß MD.

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J.O. Voss, N. Thieme, S. Märdian, C. Doll, S. Hartwig, M. Heiland, J.-D. Raguse und N. Adolphs geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine von den Autoren durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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W. Mutschler, München

H. Polzer, München

B. Ockert, München

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Voß, J.O., Thieme, N., Märdian, S. et al. Häufigkeit und Management von Gesichtsschädelfrakturen – eine MKG-chirurgische Einschätzung. Unfallchirurg 122, 711–718 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00113-019-0618-8

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