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Neue Therapieansätze beim Riesenzelltumor

New therapy approaches for giant cell tumors

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Riesenzelltumoren (RZT) des Knochens sind benigne, jedoch teils lokal aggressive osteolytische Tumoren, die typischerweise kniegelenknah in der Epi-/Metaphyse langer Röhrenknochen nach Abschluss der Skelettreife auftreten. Wegen ihres lokal aggressiven Wachstumsverhaltens mit Destruktion der Knochenstruktur, der seltenen Möglichkeit pulmonaler Metastasen im Rezidivfall und einer sehr seltenen Möglichkeit der malignen Entartung wurden RZT früher auch als „semimaligne“ Knochentumoren bezeichnet.

Etablierte Therapie

Die etablierte chirurgische Behandlung dieser Tumoren besteht an den klassischen Lokalisationen aus einer intraläsionalen Kürettage, Resektionsranderweiterung durch eine Hochgeschwindigkeitsfräse und Defektfüllung mittels Knochenzement. Die lokale Rezidivrate ist mit 10–40 % hoch und nach Anwendung einer thermischen Resektionsranderweiterung durch die Hochgeschwindigkeitsfräse sowie Knochenzementauffüllung am niedrigsten. An den selteneren Lokalisationen der Wirbelsäule und des Sakrums und im Rezidivfall zeigt sich die chirurgische Behandlung erschwert.

Histologie

Histologisch bestehen RZT aus osteoklastischen Riesen- und ovalen Stromazellen, die eine hohe Receptor-activator-of-NF-κB(RANK) und RANK-Ligand-Expression aufweisen und entscheidend zur osteolytischen Aktivität des Tumors beitragen. Neuere medikamentöse Therapieansätze mit humanen monoklonalen RANKL-Antikörpern greifen inhibitorisch in diesen osteodestruktiven Prozess ein und können wie auch die osteosupportive Therapie mit Bisphosphonaten alternative Behandlungsoptionen darstellen.

Schlussfolgerung

Nach unbefriedigenden chirurgischen Therapieversuchen bei RZT-Patienten ist Denosumab durch seine Wirkung als monoklonaler RANKL-Inhibitor als neue Behandlungsoption eine vielversprechende Alternative.

Abstract

Background

Giant cell bone tumors (GCT) are benign but partially locally aggressive osteolytic tumors which typically occur around the knee joint in the epiphysis and metaphysis of long bones after maturation of the skeleton is completed. Due to the locally aggressive growth behavior with destruction of the bone structure, the rare possibility of pulmonary metastases in recurrent cases and a very rare possibility of malignancy, GCTs were previously also described as semimalignant bone tumors.

Therapy

The established therapy of these tumors at the typical locations consists of intralesional curettage, extension of resection margins using a high speed trephine and defect reconstruction with bone cement. The local recurrence rate is high (10–40 %) and lowest after using thermal extension of resection margins with a high speed trephine and defect reconstruction with bone cement. For uncommon localizations, such as the spinal column and the sacrum as well as in cases of recurrence, surgical treatment is more complicated.

Histology

Histologically, GCTs consist of osteoclastic giant and oval-shaped stromal cells which show a high expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) and decisively contribute to the osteolytic activity of the tumor. Novel pharmaceutical therapy approaches with human monoclonal RANKL antibodies interfere in this osteodestructive process in an inhibitory manner and can represent alternative treatment options just as the osteosupportive therapy with bisphosphonates.

Conclusion

After unsatisfactory attempts at surgical treatment of GCT patients, the new treatment option with denosumab is a promising alternative due to its effect as a monoclonal RANKL inhibitor.

Nach unbefriedigenden chirurgischen Therapieversuchen bei RZT-Patienten ist Denosumab durch seine Wirkung als monoklonaler RANKL-Inhibitor als neue Behandlungsoption eine vielversprechende Alternative.

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Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. M. Panzica, U. Lüke, M. Omar, F. Länger, C. v. Falck, C. Krettek geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Panzica, M., Lüke, U., Omar, M. et al. Neue Therapieansätze beim Riesenzelltumor. Unfallchirurg 117, 883–891 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00113-014-2580-9

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