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Schweres Schädel-Hirn-Trauma

Severe traumatic brain injury

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Zusammenfassung

Das Schädel-Hirn-Trauma ist eine der häufigsten Ursachen von Morbidität und Mortalität, insbesondere in der Altersgruppe unter 45 Jahren. Der primäre Hirnschaden entsteht zum Zeitpunkt des Traumas als direkte Hirngewebsverletzung. Hiervon abzugrenzen ist der sekundäre Hirnschaden, welcher im zeitlichen Verlauf auftritt und durch therapeutische Maßnahmen beeinflusst werden kann. Patienten mit schwerem Schädel-Hirn-Trauma müssen nach Stabilisierung der Vitalparameter in ein geeignetes Traumazentrum gebracht werden, um entsprechende diagnostische und therapeutische Maßnahmen durchführen zu können. Zu diesen gehören neben der operativen Therapie (z. B. Hämatomausräumung) eine spezifische intensivmedizinische Überwachung und Behandlung. Hierbei sind spezielle neurointensivmedizinische Grundsätze zu beachten, welche die Behandlung des erhöhten intrakraniellen Drucks sowie das erweiterte invasive Neuromonitoring von Hirngewebe beinhalten.

Abstract

Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, especially under 45 years of age. The primary brain injury occurs at the moment of trauma and is defined by the direct damage to tissue. In contrast, secondary brain injury develops over time and is accessible to therapeutic interventions. Patients with severe traumatic brain injury have to be transferred to a specialized trauma centre in order to perform appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. These include surgical management of lesions (e.g. haematoma evacuation) as well as specific neurointensive care. Neurointensive care medicine principles such as treatment of increased intracranial pressure and advanced invasive neuromonitoring of brain tissue have to be followed.

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Beynon, C., Unterberg, A. Schweres Schädel-Hirn-Trauma. Unfallchirurg 114, 713–723 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00113-011-2074-y

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